According to WHO, in 2023, the total number of people worldwide living with HIV was 40 million, and the number of new infections was 1.5 million. In the Russian Federation, HIV infection is one of the most urgent medical and social problems. The purpose of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of HIV infection in the Altai Territory in 2013–2023. A retrospective epidemiological analysis was carried out based on statistical data on the incidence of HIV infection of the Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Altai Territory, the Ministry of Health of the Altai Territory, the KGBUZ «Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Other Infectious Diseases». The study showed that the epidemic situation of HIV infection in the Altai Territory in 2013–2023. It remained tense, which is confirmed by the low rate of decline in indicators against the background of ongoing preventive and anti-epidemic measures. The greatest effect of the activities was achieved in the group of children. It was also possible to reduce the role of the parenteral transmission route in intravenous drug use, which corresponded to global and Russian trends. Among the negative trends, an increase in the incidence of HIV infection among the migratory population and an increase in the incidence of the total adult population of the Altai Territory should be noted, primarily due to an increased role of the sexual transmission route. The identified features of the epidemic process should be used to adjust existing HIV prevention programs.

The most important aspect of the problem of the quality of medical care is the epidemiological safety of the therapeutic and diagnostic process. The intensive development of high-tech, invasive methods of diagnosis and treatment, combined with the widespread spread of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, determine the need for continuous improvement of the system of supervision and control of infections associated with medical care (ISMP). The aim of the study was to identify cases of ventilator-associated lower respiratory tract infections in intensive care units (ICU) when infected with ESСAPE group bacteria; to study their prevalence, etiological structure and epidemiological significance in intensive care patients with COVID-19 undergoing invasive artificial ventilation (ventilator). The results of the study showed that in COVID-19 patients who received respiratory support in the ventilator mode, representatives of the ESСAPE group of bacteria (with genetic determinants of multiantibiotic resistance) were found more than 2 times more often than in surgical patients, which indicates the important epidemiological significance of aerobic gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria of the ESСAPE spectrum in patients COVID-19 in the formation of colonization and ventilator-associated infection of the respiratory tract. At the same time, both in COVID-19 patients and in patients with a surgical ICU, gram-negative bacteria of the genus Klebsiella spp., producing beta-lactamase, as well as non-fermenting gram-negative microorganisms Acinetobacter spp, were prioritized in the etiological structure and P. aegidiposa, characterized by pronounced acquired resistance to antibiotics of the carbapenem group and are the prerogative of intensive care units. To ensure the epidemiological safety of medical care during ventilation, it is necessary to implement a strategy of empirical and targeted antibiotic therapy; monitoring of antibiotic resistance; conduct continuous epidemiological surveillance in the ICU with full collection of information on etiological agents, cases of respiratory tract infection and tighten epidemiological control over the preparation and conduct of ventilation.

The article presents the results of a study of working conditions and a study of the morbidity of public civil servants in St. Petersburg based on statistical processing of the results of mandatory medical examinations in 2017, 2019 and 2023 for a total of 19797 people. It is determined that the working conditions of public civil servants, regardless of the sectoral sphere of the executive authority, are characterized by an increased level of risk factors for stressful situations that affect the occurrence of diseases and lead to deterioration of health. The structure of the main diseases of civil servants included: diseases of the eye and its accessory apparatus (21.51 %), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (21.15 %), diseases of the genitourinary system (10.98 %), diseases of the circulatory system (10.81 %), diseases of the endocrine system, eating disorders and metabolic disorders (9.19 %). The level of general morbidity of diseases of the circulatory system of civil servants of St. Petersburg statistically significantly exceeded the same indicator among the entire working-age population of the city in 2019 by 4.0 times and in 2023 by 2.8 times. The presented data indicate a significant influence of a complex of specific labor factors on the unfavorable dynamics in the structure and level of individual groups of diseases, which makes it advisable to timely identify and prevent the effects of these factors. Today, there is a need to establish hygienic standards for working conditions (service), and the development of medical prevention among government civil servants requires improvement through the development of programs to promote health and increase motivation to lead a healthy lifestyle, reduce the impact of stress factors.

The article discusses the problems of occupational morbidity of medical workers in Russia and, in particular, in the Republic of Dagestan. The resource-saving strategy for medical personnel makes the issue of occupational morbidity relevant, leading to a decrease in work productivity and even withdrawal from the profession of doctors and nurses. There is a significant shortage of medical personnel in the Republic of Dagestan, and this requires great efforts to retain existing specialists in the workplace. Monitoring the occupational morbidity of doctors in Dagestan could be the first step in preventing morbidity and improving the situation with medical personnel in the Republic.

The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the vitamin D status in the domestic scientific literature is not reflected in sufficient detail, and therefore this work is devoted to the study of the patterns of solar influence on the status of vitamin D in the blood serum of the population on the example of the Sverdlovsk region. Correlation analysis was carried out between the Sun altitude at noon in the middle of each month and the average level of 25(OH)D, as well as the prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency in each month, in ten age groups of the Sverdlovsk region residents: 0–4, 5–8, 9–12, 13–16, 17–20, 21–24, 25–28, 29–60, 61–70, 71–80 years. A total of 86130 anonymized measurements of the level of 25(OH)D were analyzed in 2020–2022 and placed at our disposal by INVITRO-Ural LLC, for which the authors express their deep gratitude to its employees. A feature of this study is that the effect of the Sun altitude not only of the current, but also of the previous five months on the average level of 25(OH)D in the blood serum of the population and the prevalence of severe deficiency in the current month was studied, that is, a method was used that in foreign literature is called «lagging correlation» or just «lag». The results of the calculations showed that in the Sverdlovsk region, solar UV radiation is very significant, statistically significantly correlated with the status of vitamin D, while the highest degree of association between the level of 25(OH)D in the blood serum and the prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency occurs with a lag of 44 and 48 days, respectively. In our opinion, the magnitude of the lag is most likely due to the duration of the period of accumulation of a fairly stable level of 25(OH)D in human serum in early to mid-summer, when in the northern hemisphere the Sun altitude is at an effective level close to 50 °. The value of the lag at which there is the greatest association between the Sun altitude and the status of vitamin D (the level of 25(OH)D and the prevalence of severe deficiency) is statistically significantly reduced in the groups of the older population of the Sverdlovsk region, which may be due to the increased prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this category of the population, the presence of which implies a faster reaction of the body to external influences.

Data from the Global Observatory for Cancer Research indicate that in recent years there has been an increase in the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system, as well as related disability and mortality. Official statistics of the Russian Federation also indicate an increase in the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system both in the country and in its individual regions. The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system in the Orel region in 2012–2022. The materials of the study were data from the regional registry of cancer patients of the Orel region for 2012–2022. The conducted research made it possible to identify the relevance of the problem of morbidity of the population of the Orel region with malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system, to establish periods of growth and decrease in its indicators, to assess the contribution of modern diagnostic methods to the detection of this pathology. The groups of people with the highest incidence of malignant tumors of the central nervous system, which are people fifty years old and older, mostly male, have been identified, which indicates the need for targeted work on the early detection of neoplasms in this contingent.

Within the framework of the topic «Factual history of events in the history of medicine and healthcare», research is being conducted at the N. A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health to identify and study memorable dates of world and domestic medicine. The purpose of this article is to summarize significant dates related to the sanitary business and timed to 2025. The result of the research was the creation of a chronology of historical events and personalities, the anniversaries of which are celebrated in 2025. The paper highlights the main milestones in the development of hygiene and epidemiology, as well as the personal contribution of scientists and practitioners to the development of preventive medicine. The results obtained allow us to transfer the experience of past events to the younger generation of specialists, rely on the achievements of scientists, sanitary doctors and epidemiologists, and continue their work to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of our country.