The article presents the features of the COVID-19 epidemic process in the Moscow Region (MO) for the period from March 2020 to December 2023. It has been established that the dynamics of the incidence of a new coronavirus infection is characterized by periods of growth and decline in morbidity of varying intensity and duration, which coincides with the appearance and circulation of new variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus among the population. Similar periodic ups and downs have been revealed in the dynamics of mortality. It was noted that the lowest mortality rate was observed in March 2023 (0,02 %), and the highest in February 2021 (4,26 %), which was also associated with the circulation of various variants of the coronavirus. There have been increases in morbidity both in the cold season and in the summer months, which does not fully correspond to a seasonal disease with airborne transmission. It was revealed that the highest incidence was observed among the adult working population. At the same time, the incidence of children has increased since 2022, especially under the age of 1 year. Vaccination coverage of the M. O. population at the end of 2022, it amounted to 56,9 %, and collective immunity tended to decrease from 46,04 % in December 2021 to 6,07 % in December 2022. The correlation coefficient between the morbidity of the population and those vaccinated against COVID-19 in the Ministry of Defense was 0,38 %, between mortality and those vaccinated was minus 0,08, which indicates a weak effect of vaccination on morbidity and mortality.

Changes in the components of the hemogram respond to the influence of living and working conditions. The goal is to assess blood parameters, vitamins B₁₂ and B₉ in men of mental work. A random sample of blood was collected from men permanently residing in Krasnoyarsk (n = 58). We assessed the degree of anthropogenic load and working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger. A clinical blood test was performed, and the state of the body’s nonspecific adaptive reactions was assessed using lymphocytes. Vitamins B₁₂, B₉, and iron were determined. In terms of intellectual, emotional stress and work schedule, the work is harmful (3.3). Signs of anemia were revealed (decrease in erythrocytes in 12.1 %, hemoglobin in 10.3 %, hematocrit in 10.3 %), macrocytic (average erythrocyte volume increased in 10.3 %), hypochromic (reduced average hemoglobin concentration in erythrocyte in 22.3 %), developing due to deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ (in 67.2 %) and B₉ (in 32.8 %), iron (below the median in 51.7 %). The proportion of rod-nuclear neutrophils was reduced, the proportion of eosinophils (in 13.8 %) and monocytes (in 25.6 %) was increased, indicating sensitization, allergization, a decrease in nonspecific defense mechanisms and the presence of an inflammatory reaction in the body. The presence of stress in the body was evidenced by indicators of nonspecific adaptive reactions of the body (reactivation in 27.6 %), an increase in the proportion of monocytes in 25.6 % of those examined. It can be assumed that an environmentally unfavorable living environment and hard work in conditions of inadequate provision of the body with cyanocobalamin, folic acid and iron negatively affect the composition of the blood, which, in turn, can affect health.

Evaluation of clinical data and features of immunopathogenesis, along with molecular genotyping, open up new possibilities for a personalized approach to the prevention and treatment of occupational bronchial asthma. The aim is to determine clinical, immunological and genetic markers of the risk of developing occupational bronchial asthma under exposure to sensitizing substances based on the results of an assessment of polymorphic variants rs2069812 of the IL5 gene. The study included 170 patients with various phenotypes of occupational bronchial asthma and 50 people in the control group. The levels of MCP-1 cytokines and total IgE in blood serum were determined by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay using standard reagent kits. The serum content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was studied by sandwich-type solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction. During the study, the features of clinical and immunological manifestations depending on the phenotype of occupational bronchial asthma were established for the first time, genetic markers of the risk of developing this pathology under the influence of sensitizing substances were identified: polymorphic variants rs2069812 of the IL-5 gene.

Nutrition optimization by providing workers with specialized products enriched with vitamin and mineral components has great importance in solving problems in the health condition of workers in the Arctic zone. Objective: to evaluate the effect of vitamin-mineral complex (VMC) containing vitamins (А, D, В₁, В₂, В₃, В₆, В₁₂ and C) and minerals (Fe, I, Se) on physiological indicators and indicators of orientative-research behavior of laboratory animals which characterize the adaptation process. Object of the study: white laboratory rats of «Wistar» type, organized into 4 groups: two experimental groups, kept in conditions of low air temperature (4–6 °C) and unusual photoperiodism, which received VMC with the diet, and two control groups, where animals did not receive VMC. One of them was maintained under «Northern Territories» conditions, the second — under comfortable conditions (usual photoperiodism and temperature +22…+24 °C). Indicators of body weight and temperature and functional activity of the nervous system were studied using the «Open Field» method. Statistical analysis was performed using standard application programs Statistica 10.0 with calculation of median (Me) and percentile interval. Acceptable level of reliability of the results was considered to be the probability of differences of 95 % and higher (p ≤0.05). The animals of the experimental groups showed constancy of temperature balance, statistically significantly lower anxiety level indicators, higher level of emotional activity compared to the animals of the control group. The gender peculiarities of anxiety indices were revealed, which were more pronounced in males, whose research activity was increased in the conditions of «polar night» and sharply decreased in the conditions of «polar day». The obtained stress-protective effect of intake of VMC containing daily norm of vitamins (C, Е, В₁, В₂, В₃, В₆, В₉, В₁₂, D₃, carotene) and minerals (zinc, iron, iodine, selenium) indicates the safety and high significance of the use of VMC in the diet of shift workers in the Arctic zone.

A large number of domestic and foreign publications talk about the impact of environmental pollution on the morbidity of the population. Many works, along with the influence of pollutants on morbidity, talk about their influence on the increase in mortality. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of chemical pollution of atmospheric air, drinking water, and soil in residential areas on medical and demographic indicators: morbidity and mortality of the population of the Voronezh region. For this work, we used monitoring data from the Federal Budgetary Institution of Health “Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Voronezh Region” on morbidity and mortality of the population of the Voronezh region, the results of laboratory studies of atmospheric air, drinking water, and soil in residential areas for 2018–2022. Using Microsoft Excel 2016 software, calculations of complex chemical load, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, and correlation analysis were carried out. Based on the results of the study, nosologies likely associated with the influence of chemical environmental factors and “risk areas” for chemically caused morbidity and mortality were identified. Thus, in the territory of the city of Voronezh and the Pavlovsk municipal district, morbidity among children and adults, as well as infant mortality, was revealed, probably related to chemical pollution of the atmospheric air. The Kashira municipal district is a risk area for the incidence of contact dermatitis in children and adults, probably due to the composition of drinking water. In this area, there are excesses of the maximum permissible concentrations of nitrates in drinking water, creating non-carcinogenic risks above acceptable levels. For these territories, it is necessary to develop management solutions to minimize the harmful effects of chemical environmental factors in order to improve the medical and demographic situation.

Sanitary and hygienic monitoring is an important component of the sanitary and epidemiological surveillance system, which allows continuous monitoring of potentially negative environmental factors. The purpose of the work is to analyze the experience of organizing social and hygienic monitoring in the Zelenograd administrative district of Moscow and to show its role in the modern development of preventive medicine. The materials for this study were scientific articles devoted to the experience of implementing social and hygienic monitoring in the Zelenograd administrative district. Moscow, as well as regulatory, legal and methodological acts devoted to this problem. The result of the conducted research was a description of the successes and failures of social and hygienic monitoring since its inception in the Zelenograd JSC of Moscow, the understanding of which can be used to develop monitoring research and digitalize their results.