Flax is an important technical crop of Russia and it is widely used as a feed crop. The purpose of the research was to improve the elements (varieties, sowing time, means of chemization) of phytosanitary technology of flax cultivation in the Southern Urals. Under the conditions of the Southern Trans-Urals on leached chernozem a comparative evaluation of flax varieties by seed productivity and fiber yield has been carried out. The degree of influence of abiotic (sowing time and means of chemization) and biotic (phytopathogens, phytophages, weeds) factors on the production process of flax varieties has been determined and the influence of the studied factors on the phytosanitary condition and the elements of productivity of this crop has been shown. The connection of biotic factors with the periods of formation of the main elements of the structure of the flax crop has been revealed. The range and technology of application of herbicides, organomineral and mineral fertilizers increasing productivity and quality of production has been experimentally proved. During the years of research the level of profitability ranged from 93 to 142 % in the production of seeds and from 47 to 70 % in the production of fiber. Conditionally the net income on average for three years changed from 17,9 (variety Smolensk) to 79,3 thousand rubles/ha (variety Severny) at reception of seeds and from 6,5 thousand rubles/ha (variety Severny) to 14,5 thousand rubles/ha (variety Smolensk) at reception of fiber. The use of adapted technology of cultivation of oil flax and fiber flax in the Southern Urals the energy efficiency coefficient has been increased upon receipt of the seed from 1,9 to 5,2 depending on the sowing date and varieties and from 2,1 to 3,2 when receiving flax straw.

Winter wheat and maize are one of the most valuable and widespread crops in the world, so the search for new and improvement of existing technologies aimed at increasing the yield and quality of grain of these crops do not lose their relevance. A large role in solving this problem is given to the use of physiologically active substances of different nature, which include amino acids. The purpose of the work is to reveal the nature of the influence of pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat and corn seeds with amino acids on plant growth, accumulation of photosynthetic pigments, activity of key metabolic enzymes, and in general on the productivity and quality of grain. The results of experiments have been shown that exogenous amino acids are able to influence the very initial stages of growth of wheat and corn plants when plant nutrition is carried out by heterotrophic type. The nature of their influence depends on the type of amino acids and from plant species, with both suppressive and stimulating effect of amino acids appears in low concentrations 10–5–10–7 M. The data have been obtained indicate that amino acids are able to change the key phenotypic traits of plants and suggest that pre-sowing seed treatment with amino acids influences the realization of the genetic program of formation for plant productivity. One of the biochemical mechanisms of regulatory action of amino acids can be their participation in the synthesis and regulation of the activity of a number of phytohormones and in the establishment at the earliest stages of development of a certain hormonal status of the plant, which determines the further development of plants.

With a sufficient level of energy in the diet of animals, the number and rate of assimilation of individual amino acids have a decisive influence on the growth of body weight. The daily requirement for amino acids is satisfied most fully with the use of digestible feed, which at present have a high cost. Recently, fattening pigs often receive cheaper feed with high fiber content such as barley, triticale, sunflower presscake. Therefore, there is an obvious need to normalize feeding taking into account the availability of amino acids and metabolic energy. The purpose of the research was to take into account the availability of amino acids in protein feed as a criterion for the effectiveness of the use of the diet of pigs. The ileal method has been used by us consisted in taking into account the amount of contents of the ileum, determining its amino acids composition and calculating the indicators of apparent and true availability, expressed as a percentage by formulas similar to the traditional method. As a result of the conducted researches has been revealed that among the animal feed used in the diets of growing piglets, the true bioavailability of raw protein and individual amino acids is highest in fish meal (93–99 %) with a protein content of 61 %, skimmed milk powder (90–98 %), meat and bone meal (55–80 %). This should be taken into account when balancing the diets of amino acids for young animals.

Feeding of pregnant cows directly affects the viability, health and further development of the offspring. A well-chosen ration during the period of calf gestation is also a guarantee of high milk productivity and stable functioning of the reproductive system after calving. Inadequate or unbalanced nutrition can lead to adverse consequences: the birth of weak or unviable calves and low productivity of cows during lactation. Proper feeding of cows is especially important during the first and last stages of pregnancy. An unbalanced ration provokes metabolic disorders, which adversely affects the fetus. All the vital systems of the new body are formed at the initial stage of pregnancy and most of the live weight of the fetus is gaining on the contrary in the last period. The weight of a newborn calf should be in the range of 30–40 kg. In order to control the usefulness of feeding cows in the dry period to ensure prompt response to nutritional imbalances and adjustment of rations, it is necessary to determine the biochemical parameters of the blood. The level of metabolism and nonspecific resistance of newborn calves depend on the availability of macro- and microelements in the organism of maternal cows. In our studies, cows in the last third of pregnancy disturbed acid-base balance, protein metabolism, carotene, calcium phosphorus ratio due to inadequate feeding them during this period. Calves have been born from cows contained on rations with deficit elements mineral nutrition have reduced content common protein, protein fractions, especially γ-globulins, disturbed calcium-phosphoric coefficient.

The input in the ration of lactating cows feed additives: yeast (10 g/head.), Glauconite adsorbent (75 mg/kg of live weight) and probiotic in Vetom 1 (2,5 g/head/day), has positively affected the rumenal digestion, increasing the concentration of ammonia by 30,9 %, protein nitrogen by 15,4 %, the number of infusoria by 1,9 times. Separate use of Glauconite adsorbent and probiotic Vetom 1 has increased the content of protein nitrogen in the rumen chyme by 30,8 % and the number of infusoria. However, Glauconite has reduced the concentration of ammonia in the chyme by 23,1 %, but Vetom 1 has contributed to its increase by 39,7 %. However, this will reduce the overall level of volatile fatty acids by 16,1 %. Complex ruminator-probiotic additive with sorption effect has allowed to activate protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in animals, to increase the content of total protein in blood serum by 5,2 %, total lipids by 7,4 %, beta-lipoproteins by 20,8 %, glucose by 9,9 %, as well as iron and phosphorus. As a result the productivity of animals of the 4th experimental group was higher by 13,5 %, the mass fraction of fat in milk by 0,13 %. The calculation of feed expenditures per unit of production has been shown that if in the 1st control group and in the 2nd experimental group they amounted to 0,88-0,89 EFU and 78 g of digestible protein, in the 3rd group they decreased by 1,2 %, in the 4th experimental group by 7,0 %.