According to statistics, every third person on Earth fainted at least once in his life, and for 25 % of them, short-term loss of consciousness occurred repeatedly. Scientifically, fainting is called a «syncopal state» (the word «syncope» comes from the Greek syn — with, together; koptein — to cut off, to break off), and is characterized by short — term loss of consciousness against the background of transient hypoperfusion of the brain and a drop in muscle tone. The duration of loss of consciousness is usually 20–30 seconds, after which the person regains consciousness on his own. After fainting, there may be a feeling of general weakness, feelings of weakness, fatigue, and the occurrence of retrograde amnesia is characteristic for older people. In the vast majority of cases, syncopal conditions are of reflex origin, and only about 15 % of fainting are associated with pathology of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. At the same time, in some cases, the cause of the syncopal condition cannot be determined [4].

Fere first drew attention to the relationship between migraine and stroke in 1881. He compiled one of the earliest and most comprehensive descriptions of 12 patients who suffered from classic migraine combined with sensorimotor disorders and permanent speech disorders. Based on these observations, as well as those made by the scientist later, it was suggested for the first time that the cause of stroke in patients with migraine is cerebral vascular spasm.

Treatment and prevention of urolithiasis is one of the most urgent problems of modern medicine. According to current data, the cost of providing care to patients with ICD is approximately $ 2–5 billion per year. Currently, inhibitors of the formation of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones are known, however, inhibitors of uric acid crystallization have not been found to this day. The most well-known and studied inhibitors are citrate and magnesium. In addition, urine contains a number of inhibitors of crystal formation, such as inorganic pyrophosphate, chondroitin sulfate, nephrocalcin, Tamm — Horsfall protein, osteopontin, uropontin and inter-α-trypsin. Citrate is an important inhibitor that reduces the formation of calcium stones by combining with calcium, thereby reducing the saturation of urine with calcium.

In recent years, the subject of discussion among world psychiatrists has been the issue of the large spread of mental illnesses among the population, including bipolar disorder, its diagnosis and modern principles of therapy. It is known that bipolar affective disorder (BAR) is more common for young and able-bodied people, while their usual state is replaced by an alternation of severe depression and mania with episodes of even background mood. It is also worth noting that the BAR is often associated with suicidal thoughts, disability and a tendency to alcoholism. This problem can be stopped by effective therapy initiated in a timely manner and return a person to his usual life, therefore, the study of this issue carries a high social significance.

The purpose of the review is to identify the features of the course and diagnosis of obsessive — compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents based on literature data. OCD is a mental illness with a chronic, potentially disabling course. The main symptoms are obsessions (obsessive thoughts, ideas or fears), which contribute to the development of compulsions (forced, often illogical actions or rituals that help reduce anxiety and help the patient calm down). OCD in children and adolescents has a number of differences from the course of the disease in adults. In young children, pathology is rarely diagnosed due to the physiological, neurological and psychoemotional characteristics of a child's growing body on the one hand, and the lack of effective diagnostic tests and alertness in the patient's environment on the other. Adolescent OCD is characterized by a stage-by-stage process, a compulsive-obsessive variant of the course with rapid development of depression and complications up to a suicidal outcome is more often detected.

The article presents a brief review of the literature on Wissler—Fanconi syndrome, as well as the clinical observation of a 25-year-old patient with this rare pathology, although it was initially believed that the disease occurs in children. With the accumulation of clinical material and a greater understanding of the essence of pathology, Wissler—Fanconi syndrome began to be diagnosed in adult patients.

The purpose of this study is to study the role of manual therapy in recovery and rehabilitation after sports injuries. The research methodology includes a comprehensive analysis of theoretical foundations such as functional osteopathy and the theory of myofascial circuits, as well as the study of practical applications in sports rehabilitation. The results of the study demonstrate the effectiveness of manual therapy methods in reducing pain, improving tissue regeneration and optimizing biomechanics at various stages of recovery after injury. Practical examples emphasize the importance of an individual approach and integration with other rehabilitation methods. The study concludes that manual therapy is an essential component of sports rehabilitation, providing unique advantages in solving both local and systemic biomechanical problems. The novelty of the work lies in the synthesis of theoretical concepts and practical experience, which provides a comprehensive basis for the use of manual therapy in sports medicine and opens up new opportunities for injury prevention and optimization of athletic performance in professional sports.

According to the World Health Organization, deafness is one of the most common pathologies of sensory perception in the world, about 360 million people worldwide suffer from this disease. The causes of deafness can be very diverse — these are genetic diseases, the effects of traumatic factors and infectious agents, and the use of ototoxic drugs. Moreover, otolaryngologists believe that in about half of the cases, the development of deafness and hearing loss could be prevented. Despite the fact that otolaryngology was isolated into an independent medical discipline in the middle of the XVIII century, the decision to celebrate September 29 as Otolaryngologist's Day — a professional holiday for representatives of this specialty — was adopted not so long ago. The celebration of this date at the end of September was not chosen by chance: it is closer to the middle of autumn, after the first cold snap, that most often there is an influx of patients to doctors of this orientation.