According to the Federal Law of 21 November 2011 No. 323-FZ “On the Basics of Health Protection of the Citizens in the Russian Federation” (hereinafter referred to as the Federal Law) everyone has the right to health protection and the right to health care in guaranteed volume, rendered free of charge in compliance with the program of state guarantees of free medical care to citizens, as well as to receive paid medical services and other services, including those in accordance with the voluntary medical insurance contract.

Primary health care is the basis of the system of medical care and includes measures for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment of diseases and conditions, medical rehabilitation, monitoring of pregnancy, the formation of a healthy lifestyle and health education of the population. The organization of the delivery of primary health care to citizens in order to approach their place of residence, place of work or training is carried according to the territorial and district principle, providing the formation of groups of the population by place of residence, place of work or study in certain organizations. The Order of the Ministry of Healthdated March 30, 2018 No. 139n «On Amendments to the Regulation on the Organization of Primary Health Care to Adult Population, approved by the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated May 15, 2012 No. 543n» made changes to the procedure for organizing the delivery of primary health care to adult population.

Flat feet is a change in the shape of the foot, characterized by the flattening of its longitudinal and transverse arches. There are forms of initial, transverse and longitudinal flatfeet, a combination of both forms is possible. Transverse flat feet in combination with other deformations amounts to 55.23% of cases, longitudinal flatfeet in combination with other deformations of the feet - 29.3% of cases. The diagnosis of "flat feet" is made on the basis of radiography of the feet in 2 projections with a load (standing). A preliminary diagnosis of “flat feet” can be made by an orthopaedist on the basis of a physical examination or image analysis obtained with a podoscope. The correct location of the anatomical landmarks of the foot and ankle joint, range of motion and angles of deflection of the foot, response of the arches and muscles to the load, gait features, features of shoe wear are determined. Correction of flat feet is an important factor in preventing the development of complications.

Hereditary diseases are diseases which occurrence and development is associated with various defects and disorders in the hereditary system of cells. The basis of hereditary diseases is violations ininherited information - mutations: chromosomal, gene and mitochondrial mutations. Hereditary diseases may be caused by mutations inherited in families, or mutations that have re-emerged in germline cells, in a zygote, or at very early stages of development. Hereditary diseases are numerous (more than 6000 are known) and diverse in manifestations. It is necessary to distinguish between hereditary diseases and congenital diseases, which are caused by intrauterine lesions caused, for example, by infection (syphilis or toxoplasmosis) or by the influence of other damaging effects on the fetus during pregnancy. Hereditary diseases and congenital diseases are two partially overlapping sets. A draft order “On the procedure for delivering health care to patients with congenital and (or) hereditary diseases”, which will replace the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 917 dated November 15, 2012 “On approval of the procedure for deliveringhealth care to patients with congenital and (or) hereditary diseases,” was published.

The professional standard «Intensivist» was approved by the Order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation of August 27, 2018. No. 554n. The professional standard defines the generalized job functions, education and training requirements, the basic conditions for admission to work for professionals involved in specialized medical practice in the field of anesthesiology and resuscitation.

Each health specialist, in addition to his main specialty, has to be also a subtle psychologist. We are all different, we all have our habits and character traits, and the disease only hyperbolizes themin most cases. So specialists have to persuade one patient to start treatment, the other, on the contrary, to talk out of excessive suspiciousness and the desire to conduct additional diagnosis. Some patients are knowledgeable, and they themselves are ready to teach the doctor the rules of prescribing drugs, while others do not trust anyone and think that everyone around just dreams of driving a nail into their coffin. Therefore, almost every patient requires an individual approach, and, at the present stage of the availability of information and the general propensity to write complaints, should be taken seriously

Tobacco smoking is the inhalation of smoke from burning tobacco (fermented and dried or processed leaves of certain types of tobacco), most often in the form of smoking cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, smoking pipes or hookah. In some societies, smoking tobacco is a ritual. According to WHO, about one-third of the world's adult male population smoke tobacco. Tobacco smoking was brought to Spain by Columbus after the discovery of America and then it spread to Europe and the rest of the world through trade. Medical studies indicate a clear link between tobacco smoking and diseases such as cancer and emphysema, cardiovascular diseases, and other health problems. According to WHO, smoking caused the premature death of 100 million people worldwide in the entire 20th century and in the 21st century their number will increase to a billion.

In modern medical practice, the treatment of type 2 diabetes should be aimed at achieving glycemic control, and at affecting other risk factors for diseases of the cardiovascular system — increased body weight, hypertension, hypoglycemia.Empagliflozin is the first effective glucose-lowering drug of the new generation, which reduces the risk of death from cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and associated diseases.

Endoscopy is a way to examine some internal organs with an endoscope. During endoscopy, endoscopes are inserted into the cavities through natural pathways, for example, into the stomach through the mouth and esophagus, into the bronchi and lungs through the larynx, into the bladder through the urethra, as well as through punctures or surgical approaches (laparoscopy, etc.). Currently, endoscopic examination methods are used for both diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Modern endoscopy plays a special role in recognizing early stages of many diseases, especially oncological diseases (cancer) of various organs (stomach, bladder, lungs). Most often, endoscopy is combined with targeted biopsy (under visual control), therapeutic measures (drug administration), intubation. Order of the Ministry of Health No. 974 of December 6, 2017 «On approval of the Rules for endoscopic examinations» set new guidelines for endoscopic examinations, which came into effect on July 01, 2018.

What do we know about Norway? Besides the fact that the country is a Kingdom located on the Scandinavian Peninsula and famous for its herring, nothing comes to mind anymore. Meanwhile, this state has managed to maintain neutrality in the two world wars, it has one of the most balanced economies in the world, and it is ahead of many European countries in terms of living standards. Due to the fact that the country is forced to import most of the products, prices in Norway are rather high, but the average salary here is one of the highest not only in Europe, but throughout the world, and mount to three and a half thousand dollars approximately. Thehealth care systemis under the full control of the state, and the country ranks third after the United States and Luxembourg in terms of the health expenditures.