Hooves diseases in heifers and cows of diff erent ages remain an urgent problem for scientists and practicing veterinarians. Pododermatitis, Rustergolz ulcers, hoof horn deformations, wounds of the sole, necroses under the dorsal wall of the hoof, laminites can be registered in cows of one herd. Necrosis of the hooves under the dorsal wall in the initial stage is manifested by lameness, growth of the hook part of the hooves with turning up and inside. The developing necrotic process gradually spreads under the hoof wall from the hook side. On the aff ected fi nger, corolla and skin above the dorsal wall of the hoof is of dense consistency. The aff ected hoofs are 1,5–2 times wider than healthy ones. There are cavities of round or oval shape with necrotic tissues between the bone and the wall of the hoof, in the area of the hook and under the dorsal wall. Putrescent exudate of gray-brown color comes out of the aff ected cavities. Necrosis spreads under the hoof horn from the dorsal side to the corolla. By the analysis of the morphometric data of segmental sections of healthy and diseased toes has been established the nature and depth of aff ection under the dorsal wall of the hoof and to the fetlock. Degenerative changes occur in the lamellatum layer, vascular plexuses, hoof bone and the tendinous-ligamentous apparatus of the aff ected toe occur with the spread of necrotic processes under the dorsal wall of the hoof. There is no tissue regeneration if pathological changes are penetrated deeply under the hoof horn. The main cause of necrotic processes under the dorsal wall of the hoof is the crack of the axial surface of the horny wall at the distance of 4–6 cm from the arch of the inter-hoofed cleft. It appears due to the slipping of the hooves from the protrusions and obstacles of the fl oor covering, with an uncontrolled sharp support load on the hook, leading to a crack and peeling of the dorsal wall of the hoof from the sole.

Treatment and preventive cleaning of cow hooves over the last three years had contributed to a signifi cant morbidity reduction from 72,8 to 20 %. Calculations had showed that the economic damage from the forced slaughter of animals in 2015 amounted to 7 722 000 rubles, and in 2017 it was 7 875 000 rubles; economic losses from reduction of milk productivity in 2015 was 19 772 802 rubles, and in 2017 was 6 742 586,4 rubles; economic damage from loss of off spring in 2015 was 454 860 rubles, and in 2017 was 667 128 rubles. The total economic loss from diseases of hooves amounted to 27 949 662 rubles in 2015 and to 15 284 714,4 rubles in 2017. Calculations of preventive hooves cleaning had shown in 2017, taking into account veterinary expenses, showed that economic eff ectiveness amounted to 23 283 795,2 rubles, and economic eff ectiveness per ruble of expenditures amounted to 133,2 rubles.

The purpose of research was increase the immunobiological reactivity of calves to infectious rhinotracheitis and parainfl uenza – 3. Three groups of animals have been formed: the control group has not been receive drugs; calves of the fi rst experimental group have been administered by ribotan immunostimulator in a dose of 0.5 ml intramuscularly, three times at intervals of three days, on the 10th day intramuscularly injected into the neck area nine-valent serum against infectious rhinotracheitis and parainfl uenza-3 cattle (on the fi rst day in the dose of 50 ml per animal, repeatedly after 10 days administered nine-valent serum in the same dose and gabivit-selenium in the dose of 5 ml intramuscularly per animal). Calves of the second experimental group have been treated for 10 days by Argerich-40 in an amount of 20 ml, and 10 days later applied immunofan immunostimulant at the dose of 1 ml intramuscularly three times at intervals of 24 hours, then on day 10 was have been administered intramuscularly in the neck 9-valent serum against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and parainfl uenza-3 in cattle: the fi rst day in the dose of 50 ml per animal, repeated after 10 days injected 9-valent serum at the same dose and vitam intramuscular injection of 3 ml per 10 kg of animal weight, 2 times per day, within 5 days. In order to improve specifi c immunity to calves of the experimental groups after 14 days twice with an interval of 21 days have been applied subcutaneously the vaccine Cattlemaster at the dose of 5 ml per animal. The use to calves the second experimental group of highly eff ective agents such as immunostimulant immunofan, Argarita-40, 9-valent serum and vitam, which priored vaccination has helped increase non-specifi c immunity of calves, i. e. adaptogenic properties of the organism of animals and preparing them for vaccination. The use of Cattlemaster vaccine against infectious rhinotracheitis and parainfl uenza-3 of cattle contributed to the development of specifi c immunity

The researches of the infl uence of ecological factors on specifi c structure of the Ixodes ticks in the territory of the Republic of Northern Ossetia – Alania during the period from 2012 to 2015 had been showed that Ixodes ticks form a system of the conjugated natural centers in which cattle is the main host for fi ve species of Ixodes ticks – Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor marginatus, Dermacentor reticulatus, Boophilus annulatus (=Boophilus calcaratus), Hyalomma marginatum. Practically in all studied natural and climatic zones cattle in greater or lesser extent is aff ected with Ixodes ticks. Among the fi ve identifi ed species of ticks, only two species are common for all natural and climatic zones – Dermacentor marginatus and Boophilus annulatus. Ixodes ricinus is the common for three zones (foothill, mountain and forest, forest-steppe) it avoids territories with the lowered humidity. Boophilus annulatus (Boophilus calcaratus) is the dominant species in three natural and climatic zones, however it is revealed in the foothills and in the foreststeppe zone in greater amount. Ixodes ricinus is connected with forest biotopes, it occupies shrubby thickets, areas of the deciduous wood; it is the dominant species in foothill, also in mountain and forest zones. Single ticks are present in droughty places in the foothill and mountain forest-steppe, they were not revealed in the steppe zone. Dermacentor marginatus, which is revealed in all natural and climatic zones in the territory of the republic, dominates only in the steppe zone. Dermacentor reticulatus is discovered only in steppe and foothill zones in a small amount. H. marginatum is common for forest-steppe and steppe zones, it prefers lowered humidity territories.

Work was carried out from 2006 to 2016. The hematological studies have been conducted. The primary and intermediate products of lipid peroxidation, the activity of superoxide dismutase, the content of α-tocopherol, retinol, and the total antioxidant activity have been determined by appropriate methods. The experimental group of dry cows and down-calving heifers with gestosis in combination with symptoms of subclinical ketosis consisted of animals with full symptom complex: arterial hypertension (ADS-136,1±2,85 mm Hg), proteinuria (protein in the urine 3,0±0,49 g/l), edema in the pelvic limbs, abdominal wall, dewlap. The metabolic processes involved in the compensatory mechanisms of the functional activity of the fetoplacental unit, leading to increased synthesis of testosterone, estradiol, and their increased levels in the blood with the full triad of symptoms of preeclampsia to the level of clinically healthy animals. However, the concentration of progesterone (10,2±1,34 ng/ml) and cortisol (20,5±1,08 ng/ml) remained low. The index of progesterone and estradiol ratio in cows with pregnancy pathology was lower than in animals with its physiological course in 1,8–2,2 times. The increase in the concentration of intermediate products of ketodienes and conjugate of trienes in the blood of animals with subclinical ketosis 1,75 times in comparison with the gestosis of pregnant and 3,54 times in the syndrome of placental insuffi ciency. The content of malondialdehyde in subclinical ketosis is 1,44±0,14 μmol/l, with gestosis of pregnant increased by 1,11 times, and in comparison with fetoplacental insuffi ciency (FIN) by 1,35 times. Consequently, the metabolic parameters, which are traditionally used in the diagnostic algorithm in animals with subclinical ketosis and gestosis of pregnant, in some cases, are less sensitive and specifi c than the indicators of the system “lipid peroxidation – antioxidant protection” (LP–AP). In the study of subclinical and clinical ketosis, gestosis and fetoplacental insuffi ciency in domestic animals should take into account the results as the concept of disorders in the functioning of the system of LP–AP in these metabolic pathologies.

Oxidative stress, which leads to the development of various dysregulation processes aimed at the transformation of the existing homeostasis, creates favorable conditions for radical formation and contributes to the depletion of the antioxidant system in the warm-blooded body. The possibility of correction of free radical oxidation of lipid membranes of calves by oral administration of infusion of plantain leaves and nettle leaves containing a complex of natural antioxidants has been investigated under the conditions of the Amur region,. The animals have been divided into 2 groups with 15 calves in each: animals of the control group have been kept under standard conditions; the experimental group where the animals have received orally daily infusion at a dose of 5 ml/kg. It has been found that the administration to calves of infusion in conditions of oxidative stress contributes to a signifi cant decrease in plasma lipid hydroperoxides by 32 %, of diene conjugates by 27 %, malonic dialdehyde by 16 % in comparison with the calves of the control group. It has been found during the analysis of the eff ect of infusion on the activity of the antioxidant system components that the content of ceruloplasmin in the blood of animals was signifi cantly higher than in the calves of the control group by 42 %, vitamin E by 41 %, catalase by 34 %. Thus, the use of this infusion under oxidative stress leads to the stabilization of peroxidation processes against the background of increased activity of the main components of the antioxidant system.

The purpose of the study was to improve the herd reproduction and implement infertility prevention. High level of reproduction and milk productivity of cows is possible only for healthy animals. With year-round stall housing, prolonged hypodynamia of cows there are signifi cant hemodynamic disorders, morphological and functional changes in the reproductive organs and throughout the body. Specialists of farms and complexes often cull highly productive cows in the fi rst, second lactation due to disruption of reproduction, diseases of the limbs and breast, it causes enormous economic damage. In cows with endometritis a variety of clinical forms and varying degrees of severity of endometritis has been observed. Comparatively high effi ciency has been obtained with intrarectal application of sapropel. Sapropel is the lake silt formed from the remains of plant and animal organisms, colloidal silt greenish, olive, brown or gray color, greasy consistence. It contains organic nitrogen-containing substances up to 50 %, carbohydrates up to 40 % and bitumen compounds up to 10 %, minerals, salts of calcium, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, aluminum, iron; copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, iodine, nickel, molybdenum, etc., as well as vitamins (D, B1 , B6 , B12), hormone-like bacteriophages, antibiotics, humic acids, etc. Duration of treatment was up to 2 weeks. A signifi cant number of sick cows was an increase in muscle tone of the uterus, the contraction of its walls, active secretion from the uterine exudate. The best results from treatment of endometritis (83,9 %) have been obtained with intrarectal application of sapropel in combination with vibroacoustic massage and infrared irradiation of cows bags. Only reasonable prevention of hypodynamia and the right approach in solving the problems will give the desired results and reduce the number of imported cattle.

The purpose of the research was to study the therapeutic eff ectiveness of bromhexine with oral and peroral administration to cattle in case of respiratory diseases. Calves of 4–6 months age took part in the experiment. Four groups have been formed. There were control and negative control groups where bromhexine hydrochloride was not used and 2 test groups, one of which bromhexine hydrochloride was administered intramuscularly and the other orally in a dose of 0,5 mg/kg of body weight. At the beginning of the experiment and 24 hours after the administration of the preparation, all animals underwent complex examination, including tracheophonogram during calm breathing and evaluation of rheological properties of the tracheobronchial secretion. It has been found that 24 hours after intramuscular injection of bromhexine hydrochloride sputum adhesion reduced by 18,4 %, and the respiratory cycle time increased by 15,3 %. After oral administration of the medication, adhesion decreased by 11,2 %, and the duration of the respiratory cycle increased by 4,7 %, indicating the advantage of the injection method of administration.

The aim of the research was to improve the quality of products, the output of liver and reduce economic damage, depending on the intensity of infestation F. hepatica in the liver of young cattle of Black-and-White breed. Macro foci of fasciola invasion of ruminants are widely formed in diff erent natural and climatic zones of Russia and other countries of the world. The decrease in the number and quality of livestock products is associated with the defeat of animals by fascioliasis. Fascioles are found in the liver and gallbladder of ruminants and cause severe, irreversible pathological changes in organs and tissues, and at the stage of the acute course of the painful process they often determine the death of animals. In the chronic course of fasciolosis reduced fatness of the animals, reduced growth of their live weight, milk yield of cows. The topic is relevant, since fasciolosis is also registered in the Samara region. Before slaughter the assessment of the infestation fasciolae of steers of Black-and-White breed by the method of successive washings has been carried out. During the veterinary and sanitary examination of the products of beef slaughter, the infl uence of fascioliasis on the quality and yield of the liver depending on the intensity of invasion has been studied. The internal organs of young cattle have been used as the material of the study. In the course of research it has been found that the invasion intensity is 10 %. At high intensity of invasion morphological changes in the liver characterized by infl ammatory phenomena with connective tissue growth have been observed. The liver obtained from animals with high intensity of invasion is subject to culling, which leads to economic losses.

The purpose of the study was to increase the effi ciency of the use of rations nutrients by steers of Simmental breed when feeding them diff erent doses of the drug Vetosporin suspension. The steers have been fed by probiotic in the amount of 0,1; 1 and 2 ml per 10 kg of live weight. It has been established that the use of rations including the studied feed additive in the feeding of steers of the experimental groups contributed to the increase in feed consumption. So, the steers of the three experimental groups throughout the experimental period was superior to the herdmates in the control group for the consumption of silage grass by 37–118 kg (1,47–4,68 %), green mass by 31–71 kg (1,74–3,98 %). Concentrates, molasses feed, and salt was given to animals in the same amount. It can be stated that the feeding of Simmental steers of diff erent doses of the drug Vetosporin suspension had a positive eff ect on the digestibility of nutrients of the ration and their absorption by the body. It is obvious that in the experimental groups of animals there is a certain superiority in certain indicators over the analogues of the control group. At the same time animals of the I group were inferior to the steers of the experimental groups by the digestibility coeffi cient by 1,03–2,24 %, crude fat by 0,43–0,77 %. For other indicators, a similar trend has been observed. For fattening steers of Simmental breed complete and most importantly balanced feeding have been organized. With this in mind, the use of the probiotic feed additive Vetosporin suspension contributed to the greater consumption of all types of feed, nutrients and energy of the animals of the experimental groups. The best eff ect has been observed when using the approved additive at the dose of 1,0 ml per 10 kg of live weight.