The analysis of direct and combined methods of protection against overvoltage of electrical equipment is carried out. The direct method is illustrated by the example of a low-voltage protective device for vehicles with a standard and test procedure for a varistor-based battery. The methods of varistor modeling in the PSpice and ATP-EMTP programs are described. An example of choosing a test circuit in the PSpice program is shown. For storage devices of the average voltage class (up to 10 kV), an example of choosing OPN varistors in the range of 3–10 kV is shown. Combined protection methods in the form of stepwise and specialized storage devices are illustrated.

This article discusses the communication management module (CM) as a key component of automated process control systems. The main functions of the management system module are described, including managing data exchange between functional modules, integration with top-level systems, as well as ensuring reliability through the distribution of functions between the main and backup modules. Special attention is paid to the architecture of the device, including its compact size and the availability of various interfaces for connection, which provides flexibility and adaptability in operation. The functions of self-monitoring and alarm generation are also considered, which emphasizes the importance of reliability and safety in control systems. The results of the study emphasize the importance of the management management module for improving the efficiency and stability of automated systems, as well as its role in monitoring the condition of equipment and responding promptly to emergency situations. The article will be useful to specialists in the field of automation and control, as well as developers and engineers involved in the design and implementation of control systems.

Automated control systems of electrical substations / stations (PS) are an integral part of the management system of the Unified National Electric Grid of Russia (UNES). The modern automated process control system (ACS) is a hardware and software complex (PACK) consisting of technical and software tools designed for monitoring and controlling electrical equipment, as well as for dispatching control. Since the beginning of the introduction of modern automated process control systems in the Russian Federation, the experience and equipment of such international companies as ABB, Siemens, AREVA, General Electric, Schneider Electric, Sprecher Automation and others have been used. Currently, their share in the Russian electric power industry is significant. Since 2022, technical support for foreign automated process control systems in the Russian Federation has been unilaterally discontinued and the modernization of automated process control systems based on foreign solutions is practically impossible. In addition, new additional requirements were introduced to ensure the energy security of the Russian Federation — the transition from existing PAKS to the so-called trusted PAKS before 01.01.2030. In case of nonfulfillment of the specified requirements for the transition to DPAK, criminal or administrative liability is provided. Due to the fact that foreign organizations have left the market of automated process control systems in the Russian Federation and do not plan to localize production to meet the requirements for trusted PAK, a window of opportunity opens up for domestic organizations to modernize and replace automated process control systems of foreign production.

This article examines PCB manufacturing technologies, covering both traditional production methods and modern fabrication techniques. It provides a comprehensive overview of the entire manufacturing process, including: material preparation, conductive trace formation (photolithography, laser engraving), copper etching, hole drilling, protective coating application, final finishing. Special focus is given to advanced technologies, such as: multilayer and HDI boards (high-density interconnects), quality control methods.

The article examines the main trends and directions of the development of instrumentation due to scientific and technological progress and the growing needs of various industries. The key technological achievements and prospects in such areas as microminiaturization, integration, use of new materials and advanced functionality are analyzed. Further development will be determined by the constant improvement of technologies, the emergence of new materials and the expansion of artificial intelligence capabilities. This, in turn, will lead to the creation of fundamentally new types of devices capable of solving complex problems in various fields of science, technology and everyday life, benefiting humanity and contributing to the acceleration of technological progress.

The article examines the main areas of improving the occupational health and safety system in 2025. The challenges facing enterprises, the introduction of a risk-oriented approach, digitalization of safety management, the development of a safety culture and the use of innovative technologies are discussed. The historical evolution of occupational health and safety, its role in the formation of a modern OHS system, as well as development prospects are considered. Emphasis is placed on the importance of integrating new methods to create a safe production environment and sustainable development of enterprises.