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UDK: 615.83:616-056.52 DOI:10.33920/med-14-2305-09

Physiotherapeutic methods in complex treatment of obesity

Oksana Vladimirovna Bulina PhD Candidate in Medicine, associate professor of the Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Vocational Education and Professional Retraining, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: oksanabulina@yandex.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2997-7777
Galina Anatolievna Suslova PhD in Medicine, professor, head of the Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Vocational Education and Professional Retraining, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: docgas@mail.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7448-762Х
Vera Vasilievna Kiryanova PhD in Medicine, professor of the Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Vocational Education and Professional Retraining, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: kiryanova_vv@mail.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2412-7041
Vasiliy Mikhailovich Suslov PhD Candidate in Medicine, associate professor of the Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Vocational Education and Professional Retraining, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: Vms.92@mail.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5903-8789
N.A. Shakhova resident in Physiotherapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Vocational Education and Professional Retraining, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: nataliya.ivan0va@yandex.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4486-5149
A.N. Volkovskaya resident in Exercise Therapy and Sports Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Vocational Education and Professional Retraining, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: alvo23@mail.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1418-1151
Elena Vadimovna Petrova PhD Candidate in Medicine, head of the Room of Physical Methods of Treatment, physiotherapist, SBHI LenoblCentre, assistant professor of the Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Vocational Education and Professional Retraining, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: silva-petrova@mail.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0263-6059
Yuliya Sergeevna Egorova PhD Candidate in Medicine, chief physician of the SBHI LenoblCentre, assistant professor of the Department of Dermatovenerology, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: ys-egorova@mail.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2197-1423
L.N. Liberman assistant professor of the Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Vocational Education and Professional Retraining, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, е-mail: laralieberman@me.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5791-6872
E.I. Adulas PhD Candidate in Medicine, associate professor of the Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Vocational Education and Professional Retraining, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: helian@mail.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0481-1029
M.L. Bezushko assistant professor of the Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Vocational Education and Professional Retraining, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, е-mail: kljuch_m@mail.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9205-8631
M.V. Chebunina head of the Physiotherapy Department, SPbSBHI St. Mary Magdalene Children's City Hospital No. 2, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: marprokopenko@yandex.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8557-6035
A.I. Grafova assistant professor of the Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Vocational Education and Professional Retraining, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, e-mail: ag3053@yandex.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6701-7333
E.A. Rostacheva assistant professor of the Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Vocational Education and Professional Retraining, FSBEI HE St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia, е-mail: ele-ova@yandex.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6909-1923

The purpose of this work was to conduct an analytical review of scientific sources from Russian and foreign literature that present modern information about the risk factors of obesity; the most effective methods of treatment and rehabilitation are described. Based on the studied material, the main directions in the therapy of obesity, i. e. invasive and non-invasive, were identified. The essential components of a comprehensive approach for successful therapy of this chronic pathological process, in the context of a healthy lifestyle, mandatory dietary therapy, and correction of concomitant pathology, are physiotherapeutic procedures, therapeutic physical exercise, and psychological training. Modern physiotherapeutic methods include balneotherapy, electrotherapy, cryotherapy, ozone therapy, shockwave therapy, and others. Physiotherapeutic procedures significantly improve metabolism and contribute to weight stabilization with subsequent gradual normalization of body mass. Preference, especially in pediatric practice, is given to non-invasive physiotherapeutic methods, which are maximally safe for children, demonstrably effective, well-tolerated, and have a general strengthening effect on the growing and developing organism.

Ожирение в России и других странах по-прежнему остается достаточно серьезной междисциплинарной проблемой и входит в круг научно-практических интересов разных специалистов [1-7]. На сегодняшний день прослеживается общая неблагоприятная тенденция в прогрессировании количества впервые диагностируемых случаев ожирения как среди взрослого, так и детского населения [8-14].

Неутешительная статистика подчеркивает, что в России регистрируется неуклонный рост детей и подростков, страдающих избыточной массой тела. Со временем заболевание в большинстве случаев неизбежно приводит к метаболическим нарушениям и тяжелой соматической патологии: сердечно-сосудистым заболеваниям, сахарному диабету 2 типа, стеатогепатиту, жировому гепатозу, циррозу печени, патологии опорно-двигательного аппарата. У детей возможны нарушения полового созревания, психические расстройства. [8-10, 15-19].

Ожирение является одним из факторов риска, осложняющих течение беременности, родов и послеродового периода, что связано с функциональными нарушениями различных органов и систем при данной патологии [20]. Вышеперечисленное обусловливает актуальность дальнейшего изучения звеньев этиопатогенеза ожирения, поиск более совершенных, перспективных методов лечения и реабилитации, разработку профилактических мероприятий [1, 3, 4, 8, 19, 21-23].

Согласно современным представлениям, ожирение следует рассматривать как мультифакториальное заболевание, в развитии которого определенную роль играют как генотипические, так и фенотипические риски и их сочетания [1, 4, 8, 18, 24-26].

По данным семейных исследований, роль генетического фактора в наследуемости индекса массы тела может составлять до 70%. У детей с отягощенной наследственностью повышается риск развития ожирения [9, 10].

Идентифицированы гены, определяющие основную роль в энергетическом обмене и имеющие связь с ожирением: ADRB3 (ген бета-3 адренергического рецептора); MC4R (аллель рецептора меланокортина-4); CNR1 (ген эндоканнабиноидного рецептора 1); BDNF (аллель нейротрофического фактора головного мозга); PCSK1 (ген, кодирующий члена семейства субтилизин-подобных пропротеинконвертаз) и PPARG (ген, кодирующий гамма-рецептор, активируемый пролифератором пероксисом) и др. Известно более 50 генов, ассоциируемых с синдромальным и моногенным ожирением. Мутации в данных генах реализуются через центральную нервную систему (ЦНС), гипоталамус и оказывают отрицательное влияние на энергетический обмен [27].

For citation:
Oksana Vladimirovna Bulina, Galina Anatolievna Suslova, Vera Vasilievna Kiryanova, Vasiliy Mikhailovich Suslov, N.A. Shakhova, A.N. Volkovskaya, Elena Vadimovna Petrova, Yuliya Sergeevna Egorova, L.N. Liberman, E.I. Adulas, M.L. Bezushko, M.V. Chebunina, A.I. Grafova, E.A. Rostacheva, Physiotherapeutic methods in complex treatment of obesity. Physiotherapist. 2023;5.
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