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УДК: 616.89-007 DOI:10.33920/med-01-2102-04

Стимуляция спинного мозга в лечении периферической хронической нейропатической боли

Никитин Андрей Сергеевич кандидат медицинских наук, врач-нейрохирург Университетской клиники; доцент кафедры нейрохирургии и нейрореанимации, ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России; E-mail: zateya@bk.ru
Нанаев Роман Мусаевич аспирант кафедры нейрохирургии и нейрореанимации, врач-нейрохирург Университетской клиники, ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России; E-mail: rival195@bk.ru
Нехороших Александра Егоровна ординатор кафедры нейрохирургии и нейрореанимации, ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России; E-mail: medsashka@gmail.com
Кудрявцева Екатерина Владимировна аспирант кафедры нейрохирургии и нейрореанимации, ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России; E-mail: kudriavseva@mail.ru

Представлен обзор современной литературы, посвященный вопросам стимуляции спинного мозга при периферической хронической нейропатической боли. Рассмотрены аспекты патогенеза формирования нейропатической боли и механизмы воздействия стимуляции спинного мозга. Приведены результаты исследований, оценивающих эффективность стимуляции спинного мозга при наиболее распространенных вариантах нейропатической боли.

Литература:

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3. Malan T.P. et al. Spinal GABA(a) and GABA(B) receptor pharmacology in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Anesthesiology. 2002; 96 (5): 1161–7.

4. Neumann S. et al. Infl ammatory pain hypersensitivity mediated by phenotypic switch in myelinated primary sensory neurons. Nature. 1996; 384 (6607): 360–4.

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41. Akbas M., Dağıstan G. Traumatic Sciatic Nerve Injury and Eff ectiveness of Spinal Cord Stimulation. J Anesth Crit Care Open Access. 2016; 3 (5).

42. Dombovy-Johnson M.L. et al. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain Treatment in Brachial Plexus Avulsions: A Literature Review and Report of Two Cases. Neuromodulation. United States. 2020; 23 (5): 704–712.

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44. Dewandre Q. et al. Refractory neuropathic pain from a median nerve injury: spinal cord or peripheral nerve stimulation? A case report. Acta Neurol Belg. Italy. 2020; 120 (4): 867–871.

45. Choi J.H. et al. Combined Spinal Cord Stimulation and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Brachial Plexopathy: A Case Report. Pain Physician. United States. 2016; 19 (3): E459–463.

46. Daousi C., Benbow S.J., MacFarlane I.A. Electrical spinal cord stimulation in the long-term treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy. Diabet Med. England. 2005; 22 (4): 393–398.

47. de Vos C.C. et al. Eff ect and safety of spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain caused by `diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. United States. 2009; 23 (1): 40–45.

48. de Vos C.C. et al. Spinal cord stimulation in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy: a multicentre randomized clinical trial. Pain. United States. 2014; 155 (11): 2426–2431.

49. Sills S. Treatment of painful polyneuropathies of diabetic and other origins with 10 kHz SCS: a case series. Postgrad Med. England. 2020;132 (4): 352–357.

50. van Beek M. et al. Severity of Neuropathy Is Associated With Long-term Spinal Cord Stimulation Outcome in Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Five-Year Follow-up of a Prospective Two-Center Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care. United States. 2018; 41 (1): 32–38.

51. Slangen R. et al. Spinal cord stimulation and pain relief in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a prospective two-center randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. United States. 2014; 37 (11): 3016–3024.

52. Kumar K., Toth C., Nath R.K. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain in peripheral neuropathy. Surg Neurol. United States. 1996; 46 (4): 363–369.

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55. Haddad F.F., Mohsin I. Spinal Cord Stimulation Treatment for Chronic Right Subcostal Neuralgia Secondary to Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Case Report. A A Pract. United States. 2018; 10 (10): 276–278.

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57. Cata J.P. et al. Spinal cord stimulation relieves chemotherapy-induced pain: a clinical case report. J Pain Symptom Manage. United States. 2004; 27 (1): 72–78.

58. Abd-Elsayed A., Schiavoni N., Sachdeva H. Effi cacy of spinal cord stimulators in treating peripheral neuropathy: a case series. J Clin Anesth. United States. 2016; 28: 74–77.

59. Barna S.A. et al. Spinal cord stimulation for treatment of meralgia paresthetica. Pain Physician. United States. 2005; 8 (3): 315–318.

60. Eckmann M., Papanastassiou A., Awad M. A Unique Case for Spinal Cord Stimulation: Successful Treatment of Small Fiber Neuropathy Pain Using Multiple Spinal Cord Stimulators. Case Rep Med. 2017; 2017: 6969285.

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1. Hughes D.I., et al. Upregulation of substance P in lowthreshold myelinated aff erents is not required for tactile allodynia in the chronic constriction injury and spinal nerve ligation models. J Neurosci. 2007; 27 (8): 2035–44.

2. Hwang J.H. et al. The eff ect of spinal GABA receptor agonists on tactile allodynia in a surgically-induced neuropathic pain model in the rat. Pain. 1997; 70 (1): 15–22.

3. Malan T.P. et al. Spinal GABA(a) and GABA(B) receptor pharmacology in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Anesthesiology. 2002; 96 (5): 1161–7.

4. Neumann S. et al. Infl ammatory pain hypersensitivity mediated by phenotypic switch in myelinated primary sensory neurons. Nature. 1996; 384 (6607): 360–4.

5. van Hecke O. et al. Neuropathic pain in the general population: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Pain. United States. 2014; 155 (4): 654–662.

6. Bouhassira D. et al. Prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in the general population. Pain. United States. 2008; 136 (3): 380–387.

7. Iakhno N.N., Davydov O.S. Rezultaty Rossiiskogo epidemiologicheskogo issledovaniia rasprostranennosti nevropaticheskoi boli, ee prichin i kharakteristik v populiatsii ambulatornykh bolnykh, obrativshikhsia k vrachu-nevrologu [Results of the Russian epidemiological study of the prevalence of neuropathic pain, its causes and characteristics in the population of outpatients who consulted a neurologist]. Bol [Pain]. 2008; 3, 20: 24–32. (In Russ.)

8. Jergova S. et al. Recombinant neural progenitor transplants in the spinal dorsal horn alleviate chronic central neuropathic pain. Pain. 2016; 157 (4): 977–989.

9. Melzack R. et al. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965; 150 (3699): 971-9. DOI: 10.1126/science.150.3699.971.

10. Todd A.J. Neuronal circuitry for pain processing in the dorsal horn. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010; 11 (12): 823–36.

11. Kato G. et al. Direct GABAergic and glycinergic inhibition of the substantia gelatinosa from the rostral ventromedial medulla revealed by in vivo patch-clamp analysis in rats. J Neurosci. 2006; 26 (6): 1787–94.

12. Tazawa T. et al. Spinal cord stimulation modulates supraspinal centers of the descending antinociceptive system in rats with unilateral spinal nerve injury. Mol Pain. 2015; 11: 36–36.

13. Stiller C.O., Cui J-G., O’Connor W.T. et al. Release of GABA in the dorsal horn and suppression of tactile allodynia by spinal cord stimulation in mononeuropathic rats. Neurosurgery. 1996; 39 (2): 367–75. DOI: 10.1097/ 00006123-199608000-00026.

14. Cui J.G, O’Connor W.T., Ungerstedt U. et al. Spinal cord stimulation attenuates augmented dorsal horn release of excitatory amino acids in mononeuropathy via a GABAergic mechanism. Pain. 1997; 73 (1): 87–95. DOI: 10.1016/ s0304-3959(97)00077-8.

15. Yakhnitsa V. et al. Modulation of dorsal horn neuronal activity by spinal cord stimulation in a rat model of neuropathy: the role of the dorsal funicles. Neurophysiology. 1998; 30 (6): 424–7.

16. Linderoth B. et al. Mechanisms of action of spinal cord stimulation. Textbook of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. Ed. by A.M. Lozano, P.L. Gildenberg, R.R. Tasker. 2nd edn. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2009; 3288 p.

17. Peul W.C. et al. The Hague Spine Intervention Prognostic Study Group Prolonged conservative care versus early surgery in patients with sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation: two year results of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008; 336: 1355–8.

18. Chan C.W. et al. Failed back surgery syndrome. Pain Med. 2011; 12: 577–606.

19. Fokter S.K. et al. Patient-based outcomes for the operative treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Eur Spine J. 2006; 15: 1661–9.

20. Shamim M.S. et al. Microdiscectomy for lumbosacral disc herniation and frequency of failed disc surgery. World Neurosurg. 2010; 74: 611–6.

21. Nikitin A.S. Sindrom operirovannogo pozvonochnika [Syndrome of the operated spine]. // Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova [Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry named after S.S. Korsakov]. 2016; 116; 5: 112–118. DOI:10.17116/jnevro201611651112-118 (In Russ.)

22. Jancalek R. et al. An experimental animal model of spinal root compression syndrome: an analysis of morphological changes of myelinated axons during compression radiculopathy and after decompression. Exp Brain Res. 2007; 179 (1): 111–119.

23. North R.B., Kidd D.H., Farrokhi F., et al. Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated lumbosacral spine surgery for chronic pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurosurgery. 2005; 56: 98–106.

24. Kumar K., Taylor R.S., Jacques L., et al. Spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management for neuropathic pain: a multicentre randomised controlled trial in patients with failed back surgery syndrome. Pain. 2007; 132: 179–88.

25. Kumar K., Taylor R.S., Jacques L., et al. The eff ects of spinal cord stimulation in neuropathic pain are sustained: A 24-month follow-up of the prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial of the eff ectiveness of spinal cord stimulation. Neurosurgery. 2008; 63: 762–70.

26. Otani K. et al. Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Has a Negative Impact on Quality of Life Compared with Other Comorbidities: An Epidemiological Cross-Sectional Study of 1862 Community-Dwelling Individuals [Electrical resource]. Scientifi c World Journal. 2013. DOI:10.1155/2013/590652.

27. Park S.Y. et al. Neuropathic Pain Components in Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis [Electrical resource]. Yonsei Medical Journal. 2015; 56 (4). DOI:10.3349/ymj.2015.56.4.1044.

28. Kamihara M., Nakano S., Fukunaga T. et al. Spinal cord stimulation for treatment of leg pain associated with lumbar spinal stenosis. Neuromodulation. 2014; 17 (4): 340–4. DOI: 10.1111/ner.12092.

29. Costantini A. et al. Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Neuromodulation. 2020; 13 (4): 275–80. DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2010.00289.x.

30. Chandler G.S. 3rd et al. Dorsal column stimulation for lumbar spinal stenosis. Pain Physician. 2003; 6 (1): 113–8.

31. Nikitin A.S., Isagulian E.D., Nanaev R.M., Lysenko A.A. Elektrostimuliatsiia spinnogo mozga v lechenii patsientov s degenerativnym stenozom pozvonochnogo kanala na poiasnichnom urovne [Electrostimulation of the spinal cord in the treatment of patients with degenerative stenosis of the spinal canal at the lumbar level]. Neirokhirurgiia [Neurosurgery]. 2020; 22 (2): 58–66 (In Russ.)

32. de Mos M. et al. The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome: a population-based study. Pain. 2007; 129: 12–20.

33. Sandroni P. et al. Complex regional pain syndrome type I: incidence and prevalence in Olmsted County, a population based study. Pain. 2003; 103: 199–207.

34. Sieweke N., Birklein F., Riedl B. et al. Patterns of hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 1999; 80: 171–177.

35. Allen G. et al. Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective chart review of 134 patients. Pain. 1999; 80: 539–544.

36. Taylor R.S. et al. Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of the clinical and cost-eff ectiveness literature and assessment of prognostic factors. Eur J Pain. 2006; 10 (2): 91–101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.02.004.

37. Risson E.A., et al. Spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type 1: Is trial truly required? // Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2018. Vol. 171; P. 156-162.

38. Prager J.P. et al. What does the mechanism of spinal cord stimulation tell us about complex regional pain syndrome? Pain Med. 2010; 11 (8): 1278–83. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00915.x.

39. Kemler M.A. et al. Eff ect of spinal cord stimulation for chronic complex regional pain syndrome Type I: fi veyear fi nal follow-up of patients in a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 2008; 108: 292–298.

40. Hoydonckxa Y. et al. A scoping review of novel spinal cord stimulation modes for complex regional pain syndrome. Canadian Journal of Pain. 2019; 3 (1): 33–48.

41. Akbas M., Dağıstan G. Traumatic Sciatic Nerve Injury and Eff ectiveness of Spinal Cord Stimulation. J Anesth Crit Care Open Access. 2016; 3 (5).

42. Dombovy-Johnson M.L. et al. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain Treatment in Brachial Plexus Avulsions: A Literature Review and Report of Two Cases. Neuromodulation. United States. 2020; 23 (5): 704–712.

43. Floridia D. et al. Treatment of pain post-brachial plexus injury using high-frequency spinal cord stimulation. J Pain Res. 2018; 11: 2997–3002.

44. Dewandre Q. et al. Refractory neuropathic pain from a median nerve injury: spinal cord or peripheral nerve stimulation? A case report. Acta Neurol Belg. Italy. 2020; 120 (4): 867–871.

45. Choi J.H. et al. Combined Spinal Cord Stimulation and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Brachial Plexopathy: A Case Report. Pain Physician. United States. 2016; 19 (3): E459–463.

46. Daousi C., Benbow S.J., MacFarlane I.A. Electrical spinal cord stimulation in the long-term treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy. Diabet Med. England. 2005; 22 (4): 393–398.

47. de Vos C.C. et al. Eff ect and safety of spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain caused by `diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. United States. 2009; 23 (1): 40–45.

48. de Vos C.C. et al. Spinal cord stimulation in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy: a multicentre randomized clinical trial. Pain. United States. 2014; 155 (11): 2426–2431.

49. Sills S. Treatment of painful polyneuropathies of diabetic and other origins with 10 kHz SCS: a case series. Postgrad Med. England. 2020;132 (4): 352–357.

50. van Beek M. et al. Severity of Neuropathy Is Associated With Long-term Spinal Cord Stimulation Outcome in Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Five-Year Follow-up of a Prospective Two-Center Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care. United States. 2018; 41 (1): 32–38.

51. Slangen R. et al. Spinal cord stimulation and pain relief in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a prospective two-center randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. United States. 2014; 37 (11): 3016–3024.

52. Kumar K., Toth C., Nath R.K. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain in peripheral neuropathy. Surg Neurol. United States. 1996; 46 (4): 363–369.

53. Liu B. et al. Clinical Study of Spinal Cord Stimulation and Pulsed Radiofrequency for Management of Herpes Zoster-Related Pain Persisting Beyond Acute Phase in Elderly Patients. Pain Physician. United States. 2020;23 (3): 263–270.

54. Graybill J. et al. Spinal cord stimulation for treatment of pain in a patient with post thoracotomy pain syndrome. Pain Physician. United States. 2011; 14 (5): 441–445.

55. Haddad F.F., Mohsin I. Spinal Cord Stimulation Treatment for Chronic Right Subcostal Neuralgia Secondary to Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Case Report. A A Pract. United States. 2018; 10 (10): 276–278.

56. Yakovlev A.E. et al. Spinal cord stimulation as alternative treatment for chronic post-herniorrhaphy pain. Neuromodulation. United States. 2010; 13 (4): 288–290; discussion 291.

57. Cata J.P. et al. Spinal cord stimulation relieves chemotherapy-induced pain: a clinical case report. J Pain Symptom Manage. United States. 2004; 27 (1): 72–78.

58. Abd-Elsayed A., Schiavoni N., Sachdeva H. Effi cacy of spinal cord stimulators in treating peripheral neuropathy: a case series. J Clin Anesth. United States. 2016; 28: 74–77.

59. Barna S.A. et al. Spinal cord stimulation for treatment of meralgia paresthetica. Pain Physician. United States. 2005; 8 (3): 315–318.

60. Eckmann M., Papanastassiou A., Awad M. A Unique Case for Spinal Cord Stimulation: Successful Treatment of Small Fiber Neuropathy Pain Using Multiple Spinal Cord Stimulators. Case Rep Med. 2017; 2017: 6969285.

61. Knezevic N.N. et al. The Use of Spinal Cord Neuromodulation in the Management of HIV-Related Polyneuropathy. Pain Physician. United States. 2015; 18 (4): E643–650.

62. Matzke L.L., Lamer T.J., Gazelka H.M. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Treatment of Neuropathic Pain Associated With Erythromelalgia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. England. 2016; 41 (5): 619–620.

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Боль как отдельный синдром разделяют на два типа: ноцицептивную и нейропатическую. Ноцицептивная боль возникает вследствие раздражения болевых рецепторов при повреждении различных органов. В зависимости от локализации повреждения ноцицептивную боль разделяют на соматическую и висцеральную. Ноцицептивная боль имеет защитную функцию и является нормальной физиологической реакцией на вызванное повреждение (травма, болезнь). Регрессу ноцицептивной боли способствуют прерывание воздействия повреждающего агента, включение антиноцицептивных механизмов и репаративных процессов. При наличии хронического заболевания, когда постоянно происходит раздражение болевых рецепторов, ноцицептивная боль становится хронической (например, артроз или цистит и т. д.). Но и в случае излечения хронического заболевания либо достижения стойкой ремиссии такая боль регрессирует.

Нейропатическая боль — боль, развивающаяся вследствие повреждения непосредственно нервной системы (центральной и периферической). Нейропатическая боль является следствием сложной перенастройки нервной системы в ответ на повреждение. Это, в свою очередь, хронизирует ощущение боли. В таком случае даже при устранении первичного повреждающего фактора и включении репаративных процессов ощущение боли не прекращается, а боль уже становится самостоятельным заболеванием. Установлены следующие патофизиологические механизмы, обуславливающие развитие нейропатической боли: сенситизация, спонтанная эктопическая активность, дизингибиция, деафферентация, кортикальная реорганизация. Данные процессы сопряжены с каскадом биохимических изменений в различных отделах ноцицептивной и антиноцицептивных систем (истощение ГАМК, нарастание вещества P, кальцитонин ген-связанного пептида и т. д.). Указанные биохимические изменения являются причиной формирования аллодинии и гипералгезии — типичных клинических спутников нейропатической боли [1–4].

Распространенность нейропатической боли, по данным различных авторов, в среднем составляет 6–8 % [5, 6]. При этом нейропатии периферического генеза встречаются в несколько раз чаще, нежели центрального. В Российской Федерации, по данным Яхно Н.Н. и соавт., за 2008 г. из 39 % пациентов, обратившихся к неврологу с жалобами на боль, 17,8 % составили пациенты с нейропатической болью [7].

Для Цитирования:
Никитин Андрей Сергеевич, Нанаев Роман Мусаевич, Нехороших Александра Егоровна, Кудрявцева Екатерина Владимировна, Стимуляция спинного мозга в лечении периферической хронической нейропатической боли. Вестник неврологии, психиатрии и нейрохирургии. 2021;2.
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