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Современные методы медикаментозной релаксации внутреннего сфинктера у больных хронической анальной трещиной

Ткалич О. В. ФГБУ «ГНЦК им. А. Н. Рыжих» Минздрава России, г. Москва, Россия (директор — чл.-корр. РАН, профессор Ю. А. Шелыгин)
Жарков Е. Е. ФГБУ «ГНЦК им. А. Н. Рыжих» Минздрава России, г. Москва, Россия (директор — чл.-корр. РАН, профессор Ю. А. Шелыгин)
Пономаренко А. А. ФГБУ «ГНЦК им. А. Н. Рыжих» Минздрава России, г. Москва, Россия (директор — чл.-корр. РАН, профессор Ю. А. Шелыгин)
Мисиков В. К. ГБУЗ МО Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М. Ф. Владимирского (директор — профессор, д.м.н. Д. Ю. Семенов)

Анальная трещина — одно из самых распространенных заболеваний прямой кишки. На ее долю приходится 10 % всех колопроктологических болезней. В настоящее время, известно, что ведущая роль в патогенезе хронической анальной трещины принадлежит спазму внутреннего сфинктера. Несмотря на давно существующую проблему ликвидации спазма внутреннего сфинктера окончательно она не решена. Существенными недостатками консервативной терапии являются высокая частота развития побочных эффектов и рецидивов хронической анальной трещины в раннем и отдаленном послеоперационных периодах. «Золотым стандартом» лечения хронической анальной трещины по сегодняшний день остается боковая подкожная сфинктеротомия, но она сопряжена с большим риском развития анальной инконтиненции. Такой метод, как медикаментозная релаксация внутреннего сфинктера ботулиническим токсином типа А, может быть предложен в качестве варианта выбора при лечении хронической анальной трещины.

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34. O’Kelly, T., A. Brading, and N. Mortensen, Nerve mediated relaxation of the human internal anal sphincter: the role of nitric oxide. Gut, 1993. 34 (5): p. 689–93.

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36. Stebbing, J. F., A. F. Brading, and N. J. Mortensen, Nitrergic innervation and relaxant response of rectal circular smooth muscle. Dis Colon Rectum, 1996. 39 (3): p. 294–9.

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Анальная трещина — одно из самых распространенных заболеваний прямой кишки. На ее долю приходится 10 % всех колопроктологических болезней [1]. По гендерному признаку различий не выявлено, мужчины и женщины подвержены заболеванию одинаково часто. Как правило, хронической анальной трещиной страдают люди в возрасте от 30 до 50 лет. В структуре проктологических заболеваний по обращаемости она занимает третье место (8,3–9,4 %) после таких заболеваний, как колиты и геморрой, а в структуре госпитальной проктологической заболеваемости стоит на 6-м месте и составляет от 5 до 7 % [2, 3].

В настоящее время известно, что ведущая роль в патогенезе хронической анальной трещины принадлежит спазму внутреннего сфинктера [4–13]. Так, в проведенном Е. Е. Жарковым [14] проспективном, рандомизированном исследовании, включавшем 100 пациентов, страдающих хронической анальной трещиной, по данным выполненной до операции профилометрии, спазм внутреннего сфинктера был выявлен в 100 % случаев.

По данным B. Klosterhalfen и соавторов [15], в 85,4 % случаев нижняя прямокишечная артерия не дает крупных ветвей, идущих по задней полуокружности анального канала, а правые и левые нижние прямокишечные артерии в этой области слабо анастомозируют между собой и не образуют такую же развитую сеть анастомозов, как по передней полуокружности. Результаты морфометрических исследований также свидетельствуют, что плотность сосудов уменьшается в направлении от передней к задней полуокружности анального канала [16]. Таким образом, задняя полуокружность анального канала находится в условиях худшего кровоснабжения. Кроме того, мелкие артериальные сосуды, питающие анодерму, проходят через толщу внутреннего сфинктера, а его спазм дополнительно ухудшает кровоснабжение. Эти теоретические предпосылки подтверждаются результатами клинических исследований, свидетельствующих, что между кровотоком в анодерме и давлением в анальном канале в покое имеется отрицательная корреляция [17]. Следует отметить, что снижение давления в анальном канале в результате сфинктеротомии, дилатации анального жома или применения препаратов для медикаментозной релаксации внутреннего сфинктера у подавляющего большинства больных сопровождается достоверным усилением кровотока в анодерме и эпителизацией анальной трещины [18–20]. Большинство авторов считает, что стойкое заживление хронической анальной трещины возможно только в случае ликвидации спазма внутреннего сфинктера [21, 22].

Для Цитирования:
Ткалич О. В., Жарков Е. Е., Пономаренко А. А., Мисиков В. К., Современные методы медикаментозной релаксации внутреннего сфинктера у больных хронической анальной трещиной. Хирург. 2019;8.
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