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УДК: 616.89 DOI:10.33920/med-01-2304-01

Применение транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции в лечении резистентной депрессии у пациентов с резидуальной органической недостаточностью центральной нервной системы

Рангус Сергей Романович федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И. Евдокимова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, кафедра психиатрии, наркологии и психотерапии факультета дополнительного профессионального образования, аспирант, 8 (999) 834-96-23, Rangus.sergey@gmail.com, 0000-0001-7287-3132
Цыганков Борис Дмитриевич федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И. Евдокимова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, кафедра психиатрии, наркологии и психотерапии факультета дополнительного профессионального образования, заведующий кафедрой, ФГБОУ ВПО «Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова», 0000-0003-0180-1267
Просветов А.О. федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И. Евдокимова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, кафедра психиатрии, наркологии и психотерапии факультета дополнительного профессионального образования, аспирант, 0000-0003-3951-5821
Юршев Юрий Андреевич студент Факультета фундаментальной медицины, ФГБОУ ВПО «Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова», yury@yurshev.ru, ORCID 0000-0001-8431-7918

В данной статье рассматривается взаимосвязь трех глобальных тем, каждая из которых представляет особый интерес в научной среде: транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция как метод лечения, терапевтически резистентная депрессия и резидуально-органическая недостаточность центральной нервной системы. Депрессия стала одним из самых распространённых заболеваний в мире, от которого страдает более 264 миллионов человек. По разным клиническим данным, медикаментозная терапия эффективна примерно в 70 % случаев. В остальных 30 % эффективность отсутствует или оказывается неполной. Данные состояния могут быть коморбидны с разнообразной экзогенно-органической симптоматикой. До 30 % пациентов, обращающихся за медицинской помощью в связи с невротическими расстройствами, имеют признаки резидуально-органической недостаточности головного мозга. Для лечения данных состояний требуется поиск методов, позволяющих их разрешить. Одним из таких методов является транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция. Это неинвазивный и хорошо переносимый метод терапии депрессивных состояний, с доказанной клинической эффективностью.

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В последнем отчете ВОЗ указывается, что депрессия стала одним из самых распространённых заболеваний в мире, от которого страдает более 264 миллионов человек [1]. По разным клиническим данным, тиманалептическая терапия имеет лимит, и лишь 70 % больных отвечают на терапию. Остальные 30% ответа не дают, или же отвечают не полностью. Наиболее распространенное определение ТРД — отсутствие терапевтического ответа на два курса адекватной терапии антидепрессантами (АД) различных групп при достаточных дозах и длительности проведения [2]. Данные состояния переносятся пациентами значительно тяжелее. Пациенты с ТРД имеют больше сопутствующих заболеваний и более высокий уровень смертности

Также данные состояния могут быть коморбидны с разнообразной экзогенно-органической симптоматикой. До 30% пациентов, обращающихся за медицинской помощью в связи с невротическими расстройствами, имеют признаки резидуально-органической недостаточности головного мозга [3]. Для лечения данных состояний требуется поиск методов, позволяющих их разрешить. Одним из таких методов является TMS. Это неинвазивный и хорошо переносимый метод терапии депрессивных состояний, с доказанной клинической эффективностью.

В последние годы методы нейромодуляции достигли значительного прогресса, и их высокий потенциал в лечении ТРД был признан учеными по всему миру. К одному из таких методов относится TMS. Это неинвазивный метод стимуляции мозга, способный оказывать влияние на активность нейронов [4]. Стимуляция осуществляется в проекции левой дорсолатеральной префронтальной коры (DLPFC) за счет серии кратковременных магнитных импульсов, индуцирующих электрический ток, который генерируется специальной катушкой, приложенной к голове [5]. Повторяющаяся транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция (rTMS) является одним из протоколов, одобренный управлением по санитарному надзору за качеством пищевых продуктов и медикаментов США (FDA) для лечения депрессий и может активировать или подавлять активность коры, в зависимости от частоты стимуляции [6]. Низкочастотная (1 Гц) стимуляция (LF-rTMS) в течение 15 минут вызывает снижение активности коры головного мозга [7]. Напротив, высокочастотная (10 Гц) стимуляция (HF-rTMS), ее повышает [8]. Механизмы до конца неясны, но авторы предполагают, что это может способствовать нейропластичности головного мозга [9]. Стандартный протокол включает стимуляцию левой DLPFC на уровне 120% от моторного ответа, с использованием импульсов частотой 10 Гц. Всего 75 серия импульсов, каждая из которых состоит из стимуляций длительностью 4 секунды. Интервал между сериями составляет 26 с, в результате чего продолжительность сеанса составляет 37,5 мин. Убедительные доказательства свидетельствуют, что HF-rTMS, применяемая к левой DLPFC, а LF-rTMS — к правой DLPFC связаны со значительным антидепрессивным эффектом [10, 11]. Было показано, что LF-TMS приводит к значительному уменьшению депрессивных симптомов и позволяет достигнуть улучшения в нейрокогнитивной сфере [12].

Для Цитирования:
Рангус Сергей Романович, Цыганков Борис Дмитриевич, Просветов А.О., Юршев Юрий Андреевич, Применение транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции в лечении резистентной депрессии у пациентов с резидуальной органической недостаточностью центральной нервной системы. Вестник неврологии, психиатрии и нейрохирургии. 2023;4.
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