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УДК: 615.322 DOI:10.33920/med-02-2103-01

Пальмовое масло и его влияние на здоровье человека: современные научные данные

Медведев Олег Стефанович д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой фармакологии факультета фундаментальной медицины, МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова, учредитель АНО «Национальный исследовательский центр «Здоровое питание», факультет фундаментальной медицины МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова, 119192, г. Москва, Ломоносовский пр-т, д. 31, корп. 5, +7 903 745 6208, е-mail: oleg.omedvedev@gmail.com, ORCID # 0000-0001-8942-4851
Медведева Наталия Александровна д-р биол. наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник кафедры физиологии человека и животных биологического факультета, МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова, 119192, г. Москва, Воробьевы горы, д. 1/12, е-mail: namedved@gmail.com, ORCID # 0000-0001-5998-6781

Данный обзор литературы объединяет доступные на текущий момент научные публикации о влиянии пальмового масла и его компонентов на здоровье человека, включая показатели липидного обмена, влияние на развитие сердечно-сосудистых и других заболеваний. Повышенный интерес к изучению пальмового масла возник, когда стало понятно, что его физико-химические свойства позволяют рассматривать его как естественный заменитель частично гидрогенизированных растительных масел, содержащих транс-изомеры жирных кислот, вредные для здоровья человека. Содержащий половину насыщенных, половину ненасыщенных жирных кислот состав пальмового масла позволяет сравнивать его с другими растительными маслами (соевым, оливковым, подсолнечным). Данные исследования не выявили существенных различий в содержании общего холестерина, липопротеинов низкой и высокой плотности в крови человека при потреблении пальмового масла и существующих альтернатив. Сравнение воздействия рационов с пальмовым маслом и трансизомерами жирных кислот на липидный профиль показало значительное улучшение липидного профиля в случае использования диет с пальмовым маслом. Это дает основания рекомендовать замену транс-изомеров жирных кислот в пище пальмовым маслом и его фракциями. В дополнение к жирным кислотам пальмовое масло содержит фитонутриенты, включающие 4 вида токоферолов и токотриенолов, каротиноиды, стеролы и ряд других. Большинство этих веществ положительно влияет на здоровье человека, что связывают с их антиоксидантной активностью. Данные позволяют сделать вывод о безопасности использования пальмового масла в пищевых продуктах, беря в расчет повышение содержания насыщенных жирных кислот.

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Пальмовое масло — одно из наиболее распространенных растительных масел и одно из древнейших, известных человечеству. Образцы пальмового масла находят в древнеегипетских гробницах, датированных 3000 г. до н.э.

Из Западной Африки масличная пальма распространилась в Азию и тропические регионы Америки. В настоящее время крупнейшие плантации пальмового дерева находятся в Юго-Восточной Азии (Малайзия и Индонезия, 31 и 54 % мирового экспорта соответственно). Пальмовое масло отличается очень высокой продуктивностью: средняя урожайность — 4,6 тонны с гектара. Это в 11, 10 и 7 раз выше, чем продуктивность соевого, подсолнечного и рапсового масел [1].

Из плодов пальмового дерева получают два вида масел. Пальмоядровое масло относится к лауриновой группе: в его составе преобладает лауриновая кислота, относящаяся к насыщенным жирным кислотам.

В Южной и Центральной Америке произрастает разновидность масличной пальмы, более устойчивая к болезням и вредителям. Масло южноамериканской пальмы отличается более высоким содержанием мононенасыщенных жирных кислот [2]. К сожалению, ее урожайность более низкая, чем у азиатской разновидности [3]. Селекционеры и генетики ведут работу по скрещиванию разных видов пальмы, пытаясь создать продуктивный гибрид с более благоприятными потребительскими свойствами.

Из мякоти плода пальмы получают пальмовое масло, широко использующееся в пищевой промышленности. Оно обладает уникальными физико-химическими свойствами: сохраняет твердость при комнатной температуре, в отличие от большинства других растительных масел, которые при температуре выше 0 °С находятся в жидком состоянии. Благодаря этому свойству пальмовое масло стало естественным заменителем частично гидрогенизированных растительных масел, которые содержат большой процент транс-изомеров жирных кислот (ТЖК), непосредственно связанных с повышенным риском заболеваемости и смертности от ряда хронических болезней, в том числе ишемической болезни сердца [4], увеличением хронических воспалений [5, 6] и нарушением функции эндотелиальных клеток [7]. В последние годы во многих странах использование ТЖК было полностью запрещено либо серьезно ограничено. В связи с запретом повсеместно вырос спрос на пальмовое масло и его фракции, и оно стало одним из наиболее продаваемых в мире.

Для Цитирования:
Медведев Олег Стефанович, Медведева Наталия Александровна, Пальмовое масло и его влияние на здоровье человека: современные научные данные. Врач скорой помощи. 2021;3.
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