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УДК: 617–089 DOI:10.33920/med-15-2304-05

Оценка рисков применения местных анестетиков в хирургической практике у пожилых пациентов

Зырянов Сергей Кенсаринович д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой общей и клинической фармакологии, ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6), зам. главного врача по терапии, ГБУЗ «ГКБ № 24 ДЗМ» (127015, г. Москва, ул. Писцовая, д. 10), e-mail: zyryanov-sk@rudn.ru, ORCID — https://orcid.org/0000‑0002‑6348‑6867
Байбулатова Елена Александровна канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры общей и клинической фармакологии, ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы», 117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6, e-mail: baybulatova-ea@rudn.ru, ORCID — https://orcid.org/0000‑0003‑3013‑5697

Следствием демографического старения населения является увеличение хирургической патологии пожилых людей. Местные анестетики (МА) играют важную роль в оказании анестезиологической помощи данной категории больных. Особенности фармакокинетических процессов у пожилых, включая процессы всасывания, распределения, метаболизма и выведения, лежат в основе изменения фармакодинамических эффектов МА. Пожилые пациенты подвергаются более высокому риску развития нежелательных реакций. Это обусловлено физиологическими изменениями, связанными с процессами старения, а также коморбидностью больных. Наиболее высокие риски имеют пациенты, страдающие синдромом старческой астении, сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями и нарушением функции органов выделения.

Литература:

1. Wold Health Organization. Всемирная организация здравоохранения. https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health

2. Федеральная служба государственной статистики (РОССТАТ). Статистический бюллетень: численность населения Российской Федерации по полу и возрасту на 1 января 2022 г. Росстат, 2022: 2.

3. Kshatri JS, Palo SK, Bhoi T, Barik SR, Pati S. Prevalence and Patterns of Multimorbidity Among Rural Elderly: Findings of the AHSETS Study. Front Public Health. 2020; 8: 582663. Published 2020 Nov 5. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.582663.

4. Andriescu L, Patraşcanu E, Dănilă R, Bădic B, Rădulescu C. Aspecte ale chirurgiei de urgenţă la pacientul vârstnic [Acute surgical pathology in elderly patients]. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2005; 109 (2): 286–289.

5. Dall TM, Gallo PD, Chakrabarti R, West T, Semilla AP, Storm MV. An aging population and growing disease burden will require a large and specialized health care workforce by 2025. Health Aff. 2013; 32 (11): 2013–2020. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0714

6. Cuvillon P, Lefrant JY, Gricourt Y. Considerations for the Use of Local Anesthesia in the Frail Elderly: Current Perspectives. Local Reg Anesth. 2022; 15: 71–75. Published 2022 Aug 10. doi: 10.2147/LRA.S325877

7. Waldinger R, Weinberg G, Gitman M. Local Anesthetic Toxicity in the Geriatric Population. Drugs Aging. 2020; 37 (1): 1–9. doi: 10.1007/ s40266‑019‑00718‑0

8. Rattan SIS. Theories of biological aging: Genes, proteins, and free radicals. Free Radical Research. 2006; 40 (12): 1230–1238

9. A. Rodrigues, D., Teresa Herdeiro, M., Figueiras, A., Coutinho, P., & Roque, F. (2021). Elderly and Polypharmacy: Physiological and Cognitive Changes. Intech Open. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.92122

10. Сердечно-сосудистые средства в гериатрии / С.К. Зырянов, Е.А. Ушкалова, О.И. Бутранова. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2023; 224 с. DOI: 10.33029/9704‑7527‑0‑SER-2023–1224

11. El-Boghdadly K, Pawa A, Chin KJ. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: current perspectives. Local Reg Anesth. 2018; 11: 35–44. Published 2018 Aug 8. doi: 10.2147/LRA.S154512

12. Uppal NN, Jhaveri M, Hong S, Shore-Lesserson L, Jhaveri KD, Izzedine H. Local anesthetics for the Nephrologist [published correction appears in Clin Kidney J. 2021 Oct 05; 15 (1): 182]. Clin Kidney J. 2021; 15 (2): 186–193. Published 2021 Jul 2. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfab121

13. Lirk P, Hollmann MW, Strichartz G. The science of local anesthesia: basic research, clinical application, and future directions. Anesth Analg 2018; 126: 1381–1392.

14. Shah J, Votta-Velis EG, Borgeat A. New local anesthetics. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2018; 32: 179–185.

15. Gitman M, Fettiplace MR, Weinberg GL et al. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: a narrative literature review and clinical update on prevention, diagnosis, and management. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144: 783–795.

16. Государственный реестр лекарственных средств. https: //grls.rosminzdrav.ru

17. Becker DE, Reed KL. Local anesthetics: review of pharmacological considerations. Anesth Prog. 2012; 59 (2): 90–103. doi: 10.2344/0003‑3006‑59.2.90

18. Scott DB, Jebson PJR, Braid DP et al. Factors affecting plasma levels of lignocaine and prilocaine. Br J Anaesth 1972; 44: 1040–1049.

19. Rosenberg PH, Veering BT, Urmey WF. Maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics: a multifactorial concept. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004; 29 (6): 564–524. doi: 10.1016/j.rapm.2004.08.003

20. Buvanendran A, Kroin JS, Berger RA, et al. Upregulation of prostaglandin E2 and interleukins in the central nervous system and peripheral tissue during and after surgery in humans. Anesthesiology. 2006; 104 (3): 403–410. doi: 10.1097/00000542‑200603000‑00005

21. Carvalho B, Clark DJ, Yeomans DC, Angst MS. Continuous subcutaneous instillation of bupivacaine compared to saline reduces interleukin 10 and increases substance P in surgical wounds after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2010; 111 (6): 1452–1459. doi: 10.1213/ ANE.0b013e3181f579de

22. Yang X, Ma J, Li K, et al. A comparison of effects of scalp nerve block and local anesthetic infiltration on inflammatory response, hemodynamic response, and postoperative pain in patients undergoing craniotomy for cerebral aneurysms: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019; 19 (1): 91. doi: 10.1186/s12871‑019‑0760‑4

23. Arumugam, S., Contino, V. & Kolli, S. Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST) — a Review and Update. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 202; 10: 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40140‑020‑00381‑x

24. Neal JM, Barrington MJ, Fettiplace MR, et alThe Third American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice Advisory on Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity: Executive Summary 2017Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 2018; 43: 113–123.

25. Paqueron X, Boccara G, Bendahou M et al. Brachial plexus nerve block exhibits prolonged duration in the elderly. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 1245–1249.

26. Gitman M, Barrington MJ. Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity: A Review of Recent Case Reports and Registries. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018; 43 (2): 124–130.

27. El-Boghdadly K, Chin KJ. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: Continuing Professional Development. Can J Anaesth. 2016; 63 (3): 330– 349.

28. Patel KV, Brennan KL, Brennan ML, Jupiter DC, Shar A, Davis ML. Association of a modified frailty index with mortality after femoral neck fracture in patients aged 60 years and older. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014; 472 (3): 1010–1017. doi: 10.1007/s11999‑013‑3334‑7

29. Ommundsen N, Wyller TB, Nesbakken A, et al. Frailty is an independent predictor of survival in older patients with colorectal cancer. Oncologist.2014; 19 (12): 1268–1275. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014–0237

30. Ten Hoope W, Hollmann MW, de Bruin K, et al. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in a rodent model of diabetic neuropathy. Anesthesiology. 2018; 128 (3): 609–619. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002035

31. Cuvillon P, Reubrecht V, Zoric L, et al. Comparison of subgluteal sciatic nerve block duration in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Br J Anaesth. 2013; 110 (5): 823–830. doi: 10.1093/bja/aes496

32. Vinycomb TI, Sahhar LJ. Comparison of local anesthetics for digital nerve blocks: a systematic review. J Hand Surg Am. 2014; 39 (4): 744–751.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.01.017

33. Meier J, Berger M, Hogan TP, et al. Local anesthesia is associated with fewer complications in umbilical hernia repair in frail veterans. J Surg Res. 2021; 266: 88–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.04.006

34. HerniaSurge Group. International guidelines for groin hernia management. Hernia. 2018; 22 (1): 1–165. doi: 10.1007/s10029‑017‑1668‑x

35. Nadeem M, Sahu A. Ultrasound guided surgery under dilutional local anaesthesia and no sedation in breast cancer patients. Surgeon. 2020; 18 (2): 91–94. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2019.06.006

36. Lin HS, McBride RL, Hubbard RE. Frailty and anesthesia — risks during and post-surgery. Local Reg Anesth. 2018; 11: 61–73. doi: 10.2147/LRA.S142996

37. Lim BG, Lee IO. Anesthetic management of geriatric patients. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2020; 73 (1): 8–29. doi: 10.4097/kja.19391

38. Kontopodis N, Papaioannou A, Tavlas E, et al. The use of local anesthesia to perform lower limb revascularization in the fragile patient with critical limb ischemia. G Chir. 2018; 39 (2): 77–81.

39. Tsuchiya H, Mizogami M, Ueno T, Shigemi K. Cardiotoxic local anesthetics increasingly interact with biomimetic membranes under ischemia-like acidic conditions. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35: 988–992.

40. Follman KE, Dave RA, Morris ME et al. Effects of renal impairment on transporter-mediated renal reabsorption of drugs and renal drug-drug interactions: A simulation-based study. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2018; 39: 218–231.

41. Collinsworth KA, Strong JM, Atkinson AJ Jr et al. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lidocaine in patients with renal failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1975; 18: 59–64.

42. De Martin S, Orlando R, Bertoli M et al. Differential effect of chronic renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in patients receiving and not receiving hemodialysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006; 80: 597–606.

43. Vaziri ND, Saiki JK, Hughes W. Clearance of lidocaine by hemodialysis. South Med J. 1979; 72: 1567–1568.

44. Pere PJ, Ekstrand A, Salonen M et al. Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine in patients with chronic renal failure. Br J Anaesth. 2011; 106: 512–521.

45. Safety Committee of Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists. Practical guide for the management of systemic toxicity caused by local anesthetics. J Anesth. 2019; 33: 1–8. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s00540‑018‑2542‑4

46. Groban L, Deal DD, Vernon JC, James RL, Butterworth J. Cardiac resuscitation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg. 2001; 92: 37–43.

47. Thomas RD, Behbehani MM, Coyle DE, Denson DD. Cardiovascular toxicity of local anesthetics: an alternative hypothesis. Anesth Analg. 1986; 65: 444–50.

48. Polley LS, Santos AC. Cardiac arrest following regional anesthesia with ropivacaine: here we go again! Anesthesiology. 2003; 99: 1253–4.

49. Viderman D, Ben-David B, Sarria-Santamera A. Analysis of bupivacaine and ropivacaine-related cardiac arrests in regional anesthesia: A systematic review of case reports. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed). 2021; 68 (8): 472–483. doi: 10.1016/j.redare.2020.10.005

1. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health

2. Federal State Statistics Service (ROSSTAT). Statistical bulletin: population of the Russian Federation by sex and age as of January 1, 2022. ROSSTAT. 2022. p. 2. (In Russ.)

3. Kshatri JS, Palo SK, Bhoi T, Barik SR, Pati S. Prevalence and Patterns of Multimorbidity Among Rural Elderly: Findings of the AHSETS Study. Front Public Health. 2020; 8: 582663. Published 2020 Nov 5. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.582663.

4. Andriescu L, Patraşcanu E, Dănilă R, Bădic B, Rădulescu C. Aspecte ale chirurgiei de urgenţă la pacientul vârstnic [Acute surgical pathology in elderly patients]. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2005; 109 (2): 286–289.

5. Dall TM, Gallo PD, Chakrabarti R, West T, Semilla AP, Storm MV. An aging population and growing disease burden will require a large and specialized health care workforce by 2025. Health Aff. 2013; 32 (11): 2013–2020. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0714

6. Cuvillon P, Lefrant JY, Gricourt Y. Considerations for the Use of Local Anesthesia in the Frail Elderly: Current Perspectives. Local Reg Anesth. 2022; 15: 71–75. Published 2022 Aug 10. doi: 10.2147/LRA.S325877

7. Waldinger R, Weinberg G, Gitman M. Local Anesthetic Toxicity in the Geriatric Population. Drugs Aging. 2020; 37 (1): 1–9. doi: 10.1007/ s40266‑019‑00718‑0

8. Rattan SIS. Theories of biological aging: Genes, proteins, and free radicals. Free Radical Research. 2006; 40 (12): 1230–1238

9. A. Rodrigues, D., Teresa Herdeiro, M., Figueiras, A., Coutinho, P., & Roque, F. (2021). Elderly and Polypharmacy: Physiological and Cognitive Changes. Intech Open. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.92122

10. Serdechno-sosudistye sredstva v geriatrii [Cardiovascular drugs in geriatrics] / S.K. Zyrianov, E.A. Ushkalova, O.I. Butranova. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2023; 224 p. DOI: 10.33029/9704‑7527‑0‑SER-2023–1224. (In Russ.)

11. El-Boghdadly K, Pawa A, Chin KJ. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: current perspectives. Local Reg Anesth. 2018; 11: 35–44. Published 2018 Aug 8. doi: 10.2147/LRA.S154512

12. Uppal NN, Jhaveri M, Hong S, Shore-Lesserson L, Jhaveri KD, Izzedine H. Local anesthetics for the Nephrologist [published correction appears in Clin Kidney J. 2021 Oct 05; 15 (1): 182]. Clin Kidney J. 2021; 15 (2): 186–193. Published 2021 Jul 2. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfab121

13. Lirk P, Hollmann MW, Strichartz G. The science of local anesthesia: basic research, clinical application, and future directions. Anesth Analg 2018; 126: 1381–1392.

14. Shah J, Votta-Velis EG, Borgeat A. New local anesthetics. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2018; 32: 179–185.

15. Gitman M, Fettiplace MR, Weinberg GL et al. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: a narrative literature review and clinical update on prevention, diagnosis, and management. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144: 783–795.

16. State Register of Medicines. https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru. (In Russ.)

17. Becker DE, Reed KL. Local anesthetics: review of pharmacological considerations. Anesth Prog. 2012; 59 (2): 90–103. doi: 10.2344/0003‑3006‑59.2.90

18. Scott DB, Jebson PJR, Braid DP et al. Factors affecting plasma levels of lignocaine and prilocaine. Br J Anaesth 1972; 44: 1040–1049.

19. Rosenberg PH, Veering BT, Urmey WF. Maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics: a multifactorial concept. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004; 29 (6): 564–524. doi: 10.1016/j.rapm.2004.08.003

20. Buvanendran A, Kroin JS, Berger RA, et al. Upregulation of prostaglandin E2 and interleukins in the central nervous system and peripheral tissue during and after surgery in humans. Anesthesiology. 2006; 104 (3): 403–410. doi: 10.1097/00000542‑200603000‑00005

21. Carvalho B, Clark DJ, Yeomans DC, Angst MS. Continuous subcutaneous instillation of bupivacaine compared to saline reduces interleukin 10 and increases substance P in surgical wounds after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2010; 111 (6): 1452–1459. doi: 10.1213/ ANE.0b013e3181f579de

22. Yang X, Ma J, Li K, et al. A comparison of effects of scalp nerve block and local anesthetic infiltration on inflammatory response, hemodynamic response, and postoperative pain in patients undergoing craniotomy for cerebral aneurysms: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019; 19 (1): 91. doi: 10.1186/s12871‑019‑0760‑4

23. Arumugam, S., Contino, V. & Kolli, S. Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST) — a Review and Update. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 2020; 10: 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40140‑020‑00381‑x

24. Neal JM, Barrington MJ, Fettiplace MR, et alThe Third American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice Advisory on Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity: Executive Summary 2017Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 2018; 43: 113–123.

25. Paqueron X, Boccara G, Bendahou M et al. Brachial plexus nerve block exhibits prolonged duration in the elderly. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 1245–1249.

26. Gitman M, Barrington MJ. Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity: A Review of Recent Case Reports and Registries. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018; 43 (2): 124–130.

27. El-Boghdadly K, Chin KJ. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: Continuing Professional Development. Can J Anaesth. 2016; 63 (3): 330– 349.

28. Patel KV, Brennan KL, Brennan ML, Jupiter DC, Shar A, Davis ML. Association of a modified frailty index with mortality after femoral neck fracture in patients aged 60 years and older. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014; 472 (3): 1010–1017. doi: 10.1007/s11999‑013‑3334‑7

29. Ommundsen N, Wyller TB, Nesbakken A, et al. Frailty is an independent predictor of survival in older patients with colorectal cancer. Oncologist. 2014; 19 (12): 1268–1275. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014–0237

30. Ten Hoope W, Hollmann MW, de Bruin K, et al. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in a rodent model of diabetic neuropathy. Anesthesiology. 2018; 128 (3): 609–619. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002035

31. Cuvillon P, Reubrecht V, Zoric L, et al. Comparison of subgluteal sciatic nerve block duration in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Br J Anaesth. 2013; 110 (5): 823–830. doi: 10.1093/bja/aes496

32. Vinycomb TI, Sahhar LJ. Comparison of local anesthetics for digital nerve blocks: a systematic review. J Hand Surg Am. 2014; 39 (4): 744–751.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.01.017

33. Meier J, Berger M, Hogan TP, et al. Local anesthesia is associated with fewer complications in umbilical hernia repair in frail veterans. J Surg Res. 2021; 266: 88–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.04.006

34. HerniaSurge Group. International guidelines for groin hernia management. Hernia. 2018; 22 (1): 1–165. doi: 10.1007/s10029‑017‑1668‑x

35. Nadeem M, Sahu A. Ultrasound guided surgery under dilutional local anaesthesia and no sedation in breast cancer patients. Surgeon. 2020; 18 (2): 91–94. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2019.06.006

36. Lin HS, McBride RL, Hubbard RE. Frailty and anesthesia — risks during and post-surgery. Local Reg Anesth. 2018; 11: 61–73. doi: 10.2147/LRA.S142996

37. Lim BG, Lee IO. Anesthetic management of geriatric patients. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2020; 73 (1): 8–29. doi: 10.4097/kja.19391

38. Kontopodis N, Papaioannou A, Tavlas E, et al. The use of local anesthesia to perform lower limb revascularization in the fragile patient with critical limb ischemia. G Chir. 2018; 39 (2): 77–81.

39. Tsuchiya H, Mizogami M, Ueno T, Shigemi K. Cardiotoxic local anesthetics increasingly interact with biomimetic membranes under ischemia-like acidic conditions. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35: 988–992.

40. Follman KE, Dave RA, Morris ME et al. Effects of renal impairment on transporter-mediated renal reabsorption of drugs and renal drugdrug interactions: A simulation-based study. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39: 218–231.

41. Collinsworth KA, Strong JM, Atkinson AJ Jr et al. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lidocaine in patients with renal failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975; 18: 59–64.

42. De Martin S, Orlando R, Bertoli M et al. Differential effect of chronic renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in patients receiving and not receiving hemodialysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006; 80: 597–606.

43. Vaziri ND, Saiki JK, Hughes W. Clearance of lidocaine by hemodialysis. South Med J 1979; 72: 1567–1568.

44. Pere PJ, Ekstrand A, Salonen M et al. Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine in patients with chronic renal failure. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106: 512–521.

45. Safety Committee of Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists. Practical guide for the management of systemic toxicity caused by local anesthetics. J Anesth. 2019; 33: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540‑018‑2542‑4

46. Groban L, Deal DD, Vernon JC, James RL, Butterworth J. Cardiac resuscitation after incremental overdosage with lidocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg. 2001; 92: 37–43.

47. Thomas RD, Behbehani MM, Coyle DE, Denson DD. Cardiovascular toxicity of local anesthetics: an alternative hypothesis. Anesth Analg. 1986; 65: 444–50.

48. Polley LS, Santos AC. Cardiac arrest following regional anesthesia with ropivacaine: here we go again! Anesthesiology. 2003; 99: 1253–4.

49. Viderman D, Ben-David B, Sarria-Santamera A. Analysis of bupivacaine and ropivacaine-related cardiac arrests in regional anesthesia: A systematic review of case reports. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed). 2021; 68 (8): 472–483. doi: 10.1016/j.redare.2020.10.005

По прогнозам Всемирной организации здравоохранения, за период с 2015 по 2050 г. доля населения мира в возрасте старше 60 лет почти удвоится — с 12 до 22%, при этом численность населения в возрасте 80 лет и старше вырастет в три раза и достигнет 426 млн человек [1]. В настоящее время каждый седьмой россиянин, т. е. 16% (на начало 2021 г. — 15,8%) жителей страны, находится в возрасте 65 лет и старше [2].

Для популяции пожилых людей характерно одновременное наличие нескольких хронических заболеваний — полиморбидность. Общая распространенность полиморбидности у них варьирует от 24 до 83% [3]. Следствием демографического старения является и увеличение хирургической патологии пожилых людей как по количеству, так и по сложности случаев [4]. Ежегодно в мире проводится более 250 млн оперативных вмешательств, и, несмотря на прогресс в хирургии и анестезиологии, 30‑дневная послеоперационная летальность остается высокой (от 1 до 5%) [5].

Местные анестетики играют важную роль в анестезиологической помощи пожилым людям. При наличии у пациентов сердечно-сосудистой и/или дыхательной недостаточности местная анестезия имеет большие преимущества перед применением средств для общей анестезии, поскольку при ее проведении не затрагиваются органы сердечно-сосудистой, дыхательной систем и ЦНС [6]. Блокада периферических нервов и нейроаксиальная анестезия часто используются для проведения ортопедических операций, таких как замена суставов. Внутривенное введение лидокаина в настоящее время является обычным компонентом мультимодальной схемы обезболивания [7].

Старение — неизбежный процесс, характеризующийся снижением функций и повышенной восприимчивостью к определенным заболеваниям. Биологически старение является результатом различных молекулярных и клеточных повреждений, с течением времени постепенно приводящих к снижению физических и умственных способностей, увеличению риска заболеваний и смерти [8, 9].

Результатом возрастных изменений, характерных для лиц пожилого и старческого возраста, может быть изменение фармакокинетических параметров и его эффектов в организме больного. Различия в фармакокинетических процессах, включая всасывание, распределение, метаболизм и выведение, лежат в основе изменения фармакодинамических эффектов лекарственных средств (ЛС) [10].

Для Цитирования:
Зырянов Сергей Кенсаринович, Байбулатова Елена Александровна, Оценка рисков применения местных анестетиков в хирургической практике у пожилых пациентов. Хирург. 2023;4.
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