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УДК: 616.8 DOI:10.33920/med-01-2306-06

Клинико-физиологические аспекты организации функциональных болевых систем (обзор литературы)

Муравьева Наталья Владимировна https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6617-4503, к.м.н., врач-невролог, ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени Н.Н. Приорова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия, e-mail: murav.nat@mail.ru
Крупаткин Александр Ильич https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-5200, д.м.н., профессор, врач-невролог, ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени Н.Н. Приорова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия

Представлен обзор современных тенденций исследования клинико-физиологических аспектов организации функциональных болевых систем. Раскрыты патофизиологические особенности физиологической и патологической болевой функциональной системы. Освещены вопросы в исследовании боли, которые до настоящего времени остаются актуальными, несмотря на огромное количество исследований в этой области.

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Формирование болевой функциональной системы впервые было рассмотрено П.К. Анохиным и его учениками во второй половине прошлого столетия в рамках созданной им теории функциональных систем. Теория была существенно дополнена Г.Н. Крыжановским, описавшим механизмы развития патологических функциональных систем, развивающихся на фоне нарушений регуляции.

Цель данного обзора дополнить представления о физиологической и патологической функциональной болевой системе с точки зрения современных исследований в этой области, обратить внимание на наиболее актуальные и требующие решения вопросы, а также возможные пути их решения.

Согласно определению, данному П.К. Анохиным: «функциональные системы представляют собой замкнутые организации, объединяющие центральные и периферические механизмы на основе постоянной афферентации от периферических органов, регулируемые по принципу обратной связи».

Конечной целью любой физиологической функциональной системы является достигнутый приспособительный эффект [1].

Физиологическая болевая функциональная система сигнализирует об опасности повреждения тканей. Её конечным приспособительным результатом является поведенческий акт, направленный на устранение имеющегося или потенциального повреждения [2–3].

Физиологическая система боли имеет защитное, адаптивное значение. Исследования состояний врожденной нечувствительности к боли показывают, что неспособность чувствовать боль связана с повышенным травматизмом, сопутствующими инфекциями и более короткой продолжительностью жизни [4].

Традиционно физиологическими считают острые болевые синдромы, которые сигнализируют о повреждении тканей. Однако в публикациях неоднократно отмечалось отсутствие прямой корреляции между наличием патологических изменений в тканях и возникновением болевого синдрома.

Так, согласно мнению исследователей, занимающихся нейровизуализацией, дегенеративные изменения позвоночника, спондилолиз, спондилолистез нельзя считать причиной болей в спине, так как эти изменения фиксируются одинаково часто у пациентов с болью и без нее [5–6].

Для Цитирования:
Муравьева Наталья Владимировна, Крупаткин Александр Ильич, Клинико-физиологические аспекты организации функциональных болевых систем (обзор литературы). Вестник неврологии, психиатрии и нейрохирургии. 2023;6.
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