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УДК: 616.853 DOI:10.33920/med-01-2601-08

Эпилептические приступы у пациентов с LEAT (литературный обзор)

Шахманаева Айна Умар врач-нейрохирург, Клинический медицинский центр НОИ им. Н. А. Семашко, ассистент кафедры нейрохирургии, лаборант, лаборатория инвазивных нейроинтерфейсов, Научно-исследовательский институт «Технобиомед», ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России, г. Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, дом 4, 127006, ORCID: 0009‑0001‑0258‑8181, ayna4neuro@gmail.com
Трифонов Игорь Сергеевич канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры нейрохирургии, врач-нейрохирург, Клинический медицинский центр НОИ им. Н. А. Семашко, ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России, г. Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, дом 4, 127006, ORCID: 0000‑0002‑6911‑0975, dr.trifonov@mail.ru
Левченко Олег Валерьевич д-р мед. наук, профессор РАН, проректор, заведующий кафедры нейрохирургии, ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России, г. Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, дом 4, 127006, ORCID: 0000‑0003‑0857‑9398, truovl@gmail.com

Актуальность. Опухоли низкой степени злокачественности, ассоциированные с эпилепсией (LEAT), являются частой причиной фармакорезистентной фокальной эпилепсии у детей и взрослых. Несмотря на медленный рост и низкую онкогенность, они обладают значительным эпилептогенным потенциалом, создавая серьезное клиническое бремя. Цель: систематизировать современные данные о диагностике, лечении и исходах лечения эпилепсии, ассоциированной с LEAT, с целью оптимизации хирургической стратегии для достижения полной свободы от приступов. Методы: проведен обзор литературы с анализом гистопатологии, молекулярного профиля, данных нейровизуализации и результатов хирургического лечения LEAT. Результаты: хирургическая резекция — основной метод лечения, позволяющий достичь отсутствия приступов у 75–90 % пациентов. На исход положительно влияют полная резекция опухоли и меньшая продолжительность эпилепсии до операции. Однако консенсус относительно оптимальной хирургической тактики, особенно для височной локализации, отсутствует. Дискуссия ведется вокруг объема резекции и целесообразности использования интраоперационной электрокортикографии для удаления эпилептогенной зоны за видимыми границами опухоли.

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Эпилепсия — одно из наиболее распространенных серьезных заболеваний головного мозга, поражающее свыше 70 млн человек во всем мире [1, 2]. Она характеризуется стойкой предрасположенностью к генерации спонтанных эпилептических приступов и связана с многочисленными нейробиологическими, когнитивными и психосоциальными последствиями [3–5]. Согласно классификации ILAE 2017 г., с этиологической и патофизиологической точки зрения все эпилепсии делятся на генетические, структурные, инфекционные, метаболические, иммунные и эпилепсии с неизвестной этиологией. Концепция генетических эпилепсий заключается в том, что заболевание вызывается определенной мутацией. Инфекционные эпилепсии являются прямым следствием конкретного инфекционного заболевания. Метаболические эпилепсии развиваются в результате известного или предполагаемого метаболического нарушения (уремия, порфирия, нарушения обмена аминокислот и пиридоксин-зависимые судороги). Иммунные эпилепсии — последствие иммунных нарушений (энцефалит с антителами к NMDA-рецепторам и лимбический энцефалит). Структурные же эпилепсии — эпилепсии, при которых причиной эпилепсии является хорошо идентифицируемая структурная аномалия, например травма, инсульт, пороки развития головного мозга склероз гиппокампа или опухоли [6–8].

Опухоли головного мозга — наиболее распространенная причина симптоматической фокальной эпилепсии [2]. Примерно 30–50 % всех пациентов с опухолями головного мозга страдают от эпилептических приступов. Вероятность развития эпилепсии особенно высока при низкозлокачественных опухолях мозга, ассоциированных с эпилепсией (LEAT) [9].

Термин «LEAT» (Low-grade Epilepsy Associated Tumors) был введен в 2003 году Luyken и соавт. [10]. Изначально он описывал редкие типы опухолей у пациентов с фармакорезистентной эпилепсией в течение 2 лет и более, которые не соответствовали актуальным на тот момент критериям ВОЗ. В своем исследовании на когорте из 207 пациентов с фармакорезистентной эпилепсией, перенесших резекцию супратенториальных нейроэпителиальных опухолей, авторы продемонстрировали, что хирургическое лечение позволяет достичь отсутствия приступов в 82 % случаев. Этот выдающийся результат обосновал целесообразность раннего хирургического вмешательства. Благодаря этому сдвигу в парадигме лечения, значение буквы «L» в аббревиатуре LEAT эволюционировало: изначальный смысл «Long-term» («длительная») уступил место «Low-grade» («низкой степени злокачественности»), что точнее отражает онкологическую природу этих образований. Поскольку LEAT, как правило, резистентны к стандартной противоэпилептической терапии, их корректная классификация и своевременное хирургическое удаление являются залогом успешного контроля над эпилепсией [11].

Для Цитирования:
Шахманаева Айна Умар, Трифонов Игорь Сергеевич, Левченко Олег Валерьевич, Эпилептические приступы у пациентов с LEAT (литературный обзор). Вестник неврологии, психиатрии и нейрохирургии. 2026;1.
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