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УДК: 616.8 DOI:10.33920/med-01-2007-06

Современные подходы к диагностике биполярного аффективного расстройства в подростковом возрасте

Барденштейн Леонид Михайлович доктор медицинских наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой психиатрии и наркологии ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А. И. Евдокимова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ, заслуженный врач РФ, Москва; E-mail: barden@mail.ru.
Осипова Наталья Николаевна кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры психиатрии и наркологии ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А. И. Евдокимова» Министерства здравоохранения РФ, Москва; E-mail: natinen@yandex.ru.
Барденштейн Л. М. E-mail: barden@mail.ru
Осипова Н. Н. E-mail: natinen@yandex.ru

Обзор посвящен проблеме диагностики биполярного аффективного расстройства в подростковом возрасте. Обобщаются результаты исследований отечественных и зарубежных авторов, касающиеся ранних проявлений заболевания, особенностей клинической динамики и связи с коморбидной психической и соматической патологией. Особое внимание уделено диагностике гипомании с учетом рекомендаций современных международных диагностических систем: DSM-V (APA, 2013) и проекта международной классификации болезней ICD-11 2019 г. Показана знaчимость рaннего выявления аффективной патoлогии у подростков с использованием скрининговых методов исследования.

Литература:

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1. The Global Burden of Disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from disease injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected 2020. In: Murray Ch. J. L., Lopez A. D., editors. Geneva. WHO; 1996.

2. World Health Organization, 65th World Health Assembly, Provisional agenda item 13.2. A65/10. Geneva; 2012.

3. Baldessarini R. J., Tondo L., Vázquez G. H. Pharmacological treatment of adult bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2019; 24 (2): 198–217.

4. Crump C., Sundquist K., Winkleby M. A., Sundquist J. Comorbidities and mortality in bipolar disorder: a Swedish national cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013; 70 (9): 931–939.

5. Marwaha S., Durrani A., Singh S. Employment outcomes in people with bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013; 128 (3): 179–193.

6. Hayes J. F., Miles J., Walters K., King M., Osborn D. P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of premature mortality in bipolar aff ective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015; 131 (6): 417–425.

7. Ösby U., Westman J., Hällgren J., Gissler M. Mortality trends in cardiovascular causes in schizophrenia, bipolar and unipolar mood disorder in Sweden 1987–2010. Eur J Public Health. 2016; 26 (5): 867–871.

8. Dickerson F., Origoni A., Schroeder J., Adamos M., Katsafanas E., Khushalani S. et al. Natural cause mortality in persons with serious mental illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018; 137 (5): 371–379.

9. Chen T. Y., Kamali M., Chu C. S., Yeh C. B., Huang M., Mao W. C., Lin Y. et al. Divalproex and its eff ect on suicide risk in bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of multinational observational studies. J Aff ect Disord. 2019; 245: 812–818.

10. Chesney E., Goodwin G. M., Fazel S. Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: meta-review. World Psychiatry. 2014; 13 (2): 153–160.

11. Yildiz A., Ruiz P., Nemeroff C. The Bipolar Book. History, Neurobiology, and Treatment. Oxford University Press. 2015: 710.

12. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th Edition, Text revision (DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Association. 2000: 943.

13. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5TM, 5th Edition. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association. 2013.

14. Reed G. M., First M. B., Kogan C. S., Hyman S. E., Gureje O. Gaebel W. et al. Innovations and changes in the ICD11 classifi cation of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders. World Psychiatry. 2019; 18 (1): 3–19.

15. Bardenshteyn L., Slavgorodsky Ya., Beglyankin N., Kekelidze D., Aleshkina G. PS62. Early recognition of bipolar depression / International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016; 19 (1): 21–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ ijnp/pyw043.062.

16. Angst J., Ajdacic-Gross V., Roessler W. Bipolar disorders in ICD-11: current status and strengths. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2020; 8: 3.

17. Hickie I. B., Hermens D. F., Naismith S. L. et al. Evaluating diff erential developmental trajectories to adolescentonset mood and psychotic disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2013; 13: 303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-303.

18. Scott E. M., Hermens D. F., Naismith S. L. et al. Distinguishing young people with emerging bipolar disorders from those with unipolar depression. J Aff ect Disord. 2013; 144 (3): 208–215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jad.2012.06.031

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20. Prediction of transition from common adolescent bipolar experiences to bipolar disorder: 10-year study. Br J Psychiatry. 2010; 196 (2): 102–108.

21. Kroon J. S., Wohlfarth T. D., Dieleman J., Sutterland A. L., Storosum J. G., Denys D. et al. Incidence rates and risk factors of bipolar disorder in the general population: a population-based cohort study. Bipolar Disord. 2013; 15 (3): 306–313.

22. Axelson D., Goldstein B., Goldstein T., Monk K., Yu H., Hickey M. B. et al. Diagnostic precursors to bipolar disorder in off spring of parents with bipolar disorder: a longitudinal study. Am J Psychiatry. 2015; 172 (7): 638–646.

23. Duff y A., Alda M., Hajek T., Grof P. Early course of bipolar disorder in high-risk off spring: prospective study. Br J Psychiatry. 2009; 195 (5): 457–458.

24. Mesman E., Nolen W. A., Reichart C. G., Wals M., Hillegers M. H. The Dutch bipolar off spring study: 12-year follow-up. Am J Psychiatry. 2013; 170 (5): 542–549.

25. Goodday S., Levy A., Flowerdew G., Horrocks J., Grof P., Ellenbogen M., Duff y A. Early exposure to parental bipolar disorder and risk of mood disorder: the Flourish Canadian prospective off spring cohort study. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2018; 12 (2): 160–168.

26. Duff y A. Toward a comprehensive clinical staging model for bipolar disorder: integrating the evidence. Can J Psychiatry. 2014; 59 (12): 659–666.

27. Malhi G. S., Bell E. Prepubertal bipolar disorder: a diagnostic quandary? Int J Bipolar Disord. 2020; 8: 20.

28. Toohey M. J. Irritability characteristics and parameters in an international sample. J Aff ect Disord. 2019; 263: 558–567.

29. Kim H., Kim Y., Baek J. H., Fava M., Mischoulon D., Nierenberg A. A. et al. Predictive factors of diagnostic conversion from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder in young adults ages 19–34: A nationwide population study in South Korea, J Aff ect Disord. 2020; 265: 52–58.

30. Fava G. A., Tossani E. Prodromal stage of major depression. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2007; 1 (1): 9–18.

31. Van Meter A. R., Burke C., Youngstrom E. A., Faedda G. L., Correll C. U. The bipolar prodrome: meta-analysis of symptom prevalence prior to initial or recurrent mood episodes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016; 55 (7): 543–555.

32. Faedda G. L., Serra G., Marangoni C., Salvatore P., Sani G., Vázquez G. H. et al. Clinical risk factors for bipolar disorders: a systematic review of prospective studies. J Aff ect Disord. 2014; 168: 314–321.

33. Bortolato B., Kohler C. A., Evangelou E., León-Caballero J., Solmi M., Stubbs B. et al. Systematic assessment of environmental risk factors for bipolar disorder: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Bipolar Disord. 2017; 19 (2): 84–96.

34. Post R. M., Leverich G. S., McElroy S., Kupka R., Suppes T., Altshuler L., Nolen W., Frye M., Keck P., Grunze H., Hellemann G. Prevalence of Axis-II comorbidities in bipolar disorder: relationship to mood-state. Bipolar Disord. 2018; 20 (4): 303–312.

35. Bschor T., Angst J., Azorin J. M., Bowden C. L., Perugi G., Vieta E., Young A. H., Krüger S. Are bipolar disorders underdiagnosed in patients with depressive episodes? Results of the multicenter BRIDGE screening study in Germany. J Aff ect Disord. 2012; 142 (1–3): 45–52.

36. Drancourt N., Etain B., Lajnef M., Henry C., Raust A., Cochet B. et al. Duration of untreated bipolar disorder: missed opportunities on the long road to optimal treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013; 127 (2): 136–144.

37. Stensland M. D., Schultz J. F., Frytak J. R. Diagnosis of unipolar depression following initial identifi cation of bipolar disorder: common and costly misdiagnosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008; 69 (5): 749–758.

38. Chen T. Y., Kamali M., Chu C. S., Yeh C. B., Huang S. Y., Mao W. C., Lin P. Y., Chen Y. W., Tseng P. T., Hsu C. Y. Divalproex and its eff ect on suicide risk in bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of multinational observational studies. J Aff ect Disord. 2019; 245: 812–818.

39. Baldessarini R. J., Tondo L., Visioli C. First-episode types in bipolar disorder: predictive associations with later illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014; 129 (5): 383–392.

40. Mosolov S. N., Ushkalova A. V., Kostukova E. G., Shafarenko A. A., Alfi mov P. V., Kostyukova A. B., Angst J. Validation of the Russian version of the Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) for the detection of Bipolar II disorder in patients with a current diagnosis of recurrent depression. J Aff ect Disord. 2014; 155: 90-95.

41. Baldessarini R. J., Tondo L., Vázquez G. H. Unmet needs in psychiatry: bipolar depression. In: Pompili M., McIntyre R. S., Fiorillo A., Sartorius N., ed. New directions in psychiatry. New York: Springer Press. 2020.

42. Vöhringer P. A., Perlis R. H. Discriminating between bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016; 39 (1): 1–10.

43. Tondo L., Baldessarini R. J. Reduction of suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder patients during long-term treatment with lithium. In: Koslow S. H., Ruiz P., Nemeroff C. B., ed. Concise guide to understanding suicide: epidemiology pathophysiology and prevention. Cambridge University Press. 2014: 217–228.

44. Foley D. L., Goldston D. B., Costello E. J., Angold A. Proximal Psychiatric Risk Factors for Suicidality in Youth. The Great Smoky Mountains Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006; 63 (9): 1017–1024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/ archpsyc.63.9.1017

45. Brady J. The Association Between Alcohol Misuse And Suicidal behavior. Alcohol. 2006; 41 (5): 473–478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agl060.

46. Swahn M. H., Bossarte R. M. Gender, Early Alcohol Use, and Suicide Ideation and Attempts: Findings from the 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. J Adolesc Health. 2007 Aug.; 41 (2): 175–181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jadohealth.2007.03.003.

47. Guo L., Xu Y., Deng J. et al. Association Between Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs and Suicidal Behavior Among Adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2016; 170 (10): 971–978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.1802.

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Аффективная патология — наиболее часто диагностируемое расстройство психической деятельности. В широком спектре аффективных нарушений доминируют субдепрессивные и депрессивные расстройства различного генеза (психогенного, эндогенного, соматогенного, органического). В последние десятилетия отмечается значительный рост затяжных, хронических и резистентных к терапии монополярных депрессивных состояний. Хронические депрессии рассматриваются как вызов современной психиатрии и медицине в целом, так как характеризуются значительным снижением качества жизни, существенным нарушением социального и профессионального функционирования [1]. По прогнозу ВОЗ к 2030 г. депрессия будет являться ведущей причиной инвалидизации населения планеты среди всех болезней неинфекционного генеза [2].

Биполярное аффективное расстройство (БР) — хроническое, практически пожизненное заболевание, включающее в себя не только эпизоды нарушений настроения (субдепрессии, депрессии, гипомании, мании, смешанные состояния), но и широкий спектр коморбидной патологии, снижение нейрокогнитивных функций, значительное ухудшение социального функционирования [3–5].

Биполярное аффективное расстройство связано с высокими показателями преждевременной смертности как от самоубийств [6], так и сопутствующих заболеваний [7, 8]. Риск суицидального поведения у пациентов с БР, особенно при смешанных и психотических состояниях, является одним из самых высоких среди всех психических расстройств [9, 10].

Биполярное расстройство характеризуется высокой степенью распространенности в общей популяции (от 0,6 до 5,84 %) и имеет тенденцию к росту [11].

Диагностика биполярного расстройства в Российской Федерации осуществляется в соответствии с критериями МКБ-10 (класс V: психические расстройства и расстройства поведения (F00-F99), в которой заболевание представлено в кластере «Расстройства настроения (аффективные расстройства)» (F30-F39)). Диагноз биполярного аффективного расстройства (F31) ставится, когда у больного отмечены повторные (не менее двух) эпизоды расстройств настроения, сопровождавшиеся изменением психической активности. В рубрике F31.8 «Другие биполярные аффективные расстройства» имеется указание на включение в данный подраздел «Биполярного расстройства II типа», однако отсутствуют какие-либо диагностические критерии, что делает затруднительной диагностику этого варианта расстройства на территории РФ и его статистический учет в настоящее время.

Для Цитирования:
Барденштейн Леонид Михайлович, Осипова Наталья Николаевна, Для корреспонденции, Барденштейн Л. М., Осипова Н. Н., Современные подходы к диагностике биполярного аффективного расстройства в подростковом возрасте. Вестник неврологии, психиатрии и нейрохирургии. 2020;7.
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