Role and Place of Great Britain in the Iraqi State Establishment and the Kurdish Problem Solution (1918-1941)

Anna Igorevna Filimonova Associate Professor at the Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, School of Tourism and Hotel Management, Moscow University for the Humanities, Candidate of Historical Sciences 5 Yunosti St., Moscow 111395, Russia E-mail: annafilimon@yandex.ru

Natalya Nikolaevna Sulyaeva a fifth-year student at the School of International Relations and Tourism, the Moscow State University for the Humanities 5 Yunosti St., Moscow 111395, Russia E-mail: intrelation@mosgu.ru

Ключевые слова: Middle East , Persian Gulf , Iraq , Kurdistan , Kurds , Great Britain , Ottoman Empire , Treaty of Sèvres , Treaty of Lausanne

Журнал: Ученый совет, №8, 2020

The article reveals the problem of the Middle East in general and in particular that of the Persian Gulf and Iraq. The abundant oil reserves and advantageous geographical location motivated Great Britain to initiate the military, diplomatic, and political intervention into the Kurdish issue. The authors display it was London that laid the “time bomb” by initially supporting and subsequently rejecting the idea of an autonomous/independent Kurdistan establishment. Since then, the Kurdish national question has become a manipulation object and tool for external forces. The information in the article can be useful in preparing for lectures and practicals in International Relations, Political Science.

Литература:

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The Middle East region as a whole and the Gulf States subregion (eight States with access to the gulf — Bahrain, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman and Saudi Arabia) have historically been a flashpoint of intense rivalry between various forces at both global and regional levels. This region is significant because of its religious and cultural (concentration of the main Islamic holy sites), economic (oil reserves) and strategic position at the junction of the African, Asian and European continents. In a geopolitical sense, the Persian Gulf subregion took shape in the 1970s, after the 1973-1974 oil crisis and the 1973 Arab-Israeli war when the growing influence of the Gulf countries on the world processes became apparent.

Modern Iraq borders six countries: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, and Iran. Iraq has small access to the Persian Gulf in the South-East, which is a link of the shortest route from Europe to South-East Asia. Besides, the country is a land bridge between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers (the centre of the Tigris-Euphrates river system is traditionally called Mesopotamia) are transport routes connecting Iraq with neighbouring states. It is not surprising that the name of the country is translated from Arabic as "a land located on the banks".

The political map of the Middle East was redrawn three times over the 20th century: the first time, it was a result of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire when Great Britain received a mandate from the League of Nations to govern these territories. The next time was after the end of the Second World War and the formation of independent Arab States and Israel. Then, during the Cold War, the region was divided into spheres of influence between the West (the United States, Great Britain, France, etc.) and the Soviet Union. The third redrawing of boundaries coincided with the collapse of the USSR. After the geopolitical balance had been disturbed, the United States began to increase its influence taking advantage of the elimination of the Soviet political and military presence.

Для Цитирования:

Anna Igorevna Filimonova, Natalya Nikolaevna Sulyaeva, Role and Place of Great Britain in the Iraqi State Establishment and the Kurdish Problem Solution (1918-1941). Ученый совет. 2020;8.

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Role and Place of Great Britain in the Iraqi State Establishment and the Kurdish Problem Solution (1918-1941)

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